Angiotensin II Inhibition Attenuates Postexercise Proteinuria in Rats

Abstract

An important explanatory theory for the mechanism of postexercise proteinuria is that angiotensin II could be inhibited by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Because of the kininase effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme, it is unclear whether the kallikrein-kinin system contributes to the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on postexercise proteinuria. The aim of this study was to evaluate any possible involvement of the kallikrein-kinin system in the therapeutic effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on postexercise proteinuria. We evaluated urinary protein levels in exhausted rats receiving an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) or an angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist (losartan). Enalapril (30 mg/kg/day, two days) or losartan (20 mg/kg/day, two days) were given to animals using an intragastric catheter. Urinary protein levels increased (41 %) in rats which were exhausted via treadmill running (p < 0.05). In animals that received drug treatment (enalapril or losartan), but did not exercise to exhaustion, urinary protein levels were not different from the control group. Urinary protein levels were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.05) in animals which performed acute exhaustive exercise after enalapril or losartan administration, compared to rats which were exhausted without drug administration. Inhibition of postexercise proteinuria by either enalapril or losartan suggested that angiotensin II plays an important role in postexercise proteinuria, however, it appears the kallikrein-kinin system is not involved in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors effect.

Key words

Enalapril - losartan - angiotensin converting enzyme - kallikrein-kinin

References

• 1 Cianflocco A J. Renal complications of exercise.  Clin Sports Med. 1992;  11 437-451
• 2 Cosenzi A, Carraro M, Sacerdote A, Franca G, Piemontesi A, Bocin E, Faccini L, Bellini G. Involvement of the renin angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of postexercise proteinuria.  Scand J Urol Nephrol. 1993;  27 301-304
• 3 el-Dahr S S. Ontogeny of the intrarenal kallikrein-kinin system: proposed role in renal development.  Microsc Res Tech. 1997;  39 222-232
• 4 Danckwardt L, Shimuzu I, Bonner G, Retting R, Unger T. Converting enzyme inhibition in kinin deficient brown Norway rats.  Hypertension. 1990;  16 429-435
• 5 Epstein J B, Zambraski E. Proteinuria in exercising dog.  Med Sci Sports. 1979;  11 348-350
• 6 Esnault V LM, Potiron-Josse M, Testa A, Ginet J D, Carrer D L, Guenel J. Captopril but not acebutolol, prazosin or indomethacin decreases postexercise proteinuria.  Nephron. 1991;  58 437-442
• 7 Gündüz F, Şentürk U K. The effect of reactive oxidant generation in acute exercise-induced proteinuria in trained and untrained rats.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003;  90 526-532
• 8 Gündüz F, Kuru O, Şentürk Ü K. Effect of nitric oxide on exercise-induced proteinuria in rats.  J Appl Physiol. 2003;  95 1867-1872
• 9 Hutchison F N, Martin V I. Effects of modulation of renal kallikrein-kinin system in nephrotic syndrome.  Am J Physiol. 1990;  258 1237-1244
• 10 Kang P M, Landau A J, Eberhardt R T, Frishman W H. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: A new approach to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system.  Am Heart J. 1994;  127 1388-1401
• 11 Lowry O H, Rosenbrough N J, Far A L, Randel R J. Protein measurement with Folin-phenol reagent.  J Biol Chem. 1951;  193 265-275
• 12 McAllister R M. Adaptations in control of blood flow with training: splanchnic and renal blood flows.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;  30 375-381
• 13 Middlekauff H R, Nitzche E U, Nguyen A H, Hoh C K, Gibbs G G. Modulation of renal cortical blood flow during static exercise in humans.  Circ Res. 1997;  80 62-68
• 14 Nicholls M G, Charles C J, Crozier I G, Espiner E A, Ikram H, Rademaker M J, Richard A M, Yandle T G. Blockade of renin-angiotensin system.  J Hyperten. 1994;  12 95-103
• 15 O'hagan K P, Bell L B, Mittelstadt S W, Clifford P S. Effect of dynamic exercise on renal sympathetic nerve activity in conscious rabbits.  J Appl Physiol. 1993;  74 2099-2104
• 16 Peters H, Border W A, Noble N A. Angiotensin II blockade and low-protein diet produce additive therapeutic effects in experimental glomerulonephritis.  Kidney Int. 2000;  57 1493-1501
• 17 Poortmans J R, Rampaer L, Wolfs J C. Renal protein excretion after exercise in man.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1989;  58 476-480
• 18 Poortmans J R, Engels M F, Sellier M, Leclercq R. Urine protein excretion and swimming events.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;  23 831-835
• 19 Poortmans J R, Vanderstraeten J. Kidney function during exercise in healthy and diseased humans.  Sports Med. 1994;  18 419-437
• 20 Poortmans J R, Blommaert E, Baptista M, Broe M E, Nouwen E J. Evidence of differential renal dysfunctions during exercise in men.  Eur J Appl Physiol. 1997;  76 88-91
• 21 Stebbins C L, Symons J D. Role of angiotensin II in hemodynamic responses to dynamic exercise in miniswine.  J Appl Physiol. 1995;  78 185-190
• 22 Szekacs B, Vajo Z, Dachman W. Effect of ACE inhibition by benazepril, enalapril and captopril on chronic and post exercise proteinuria.  Acta Physiol Hung. 1996;  84 361-367
• 23 Tolins J P, Raij L. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of chronic renal failure.  Kidney Int. 1990;  38 118-122