Zusammenfassung
Die neuropsychologische Gedächtnisdiagnostik stellt auf allen Stufen des diagnostischen Prozesses vielfältige Anforderungen an den Untersucher. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, theoretische Grundlagen unter Berücksichtigung relevanter Aspekte der diagnostischen Praxis darzustellen. In einem ersten Artikel zum Thema (Diagnostik von Gedächtnisstörungen) wurde gezeigt, dass schon für die Testauswahl eine breite theoretische Wissensbasis über Gedächtnismodelle, Testverfahren und deren Gütekriterien unabdingbar ist. In diesem zweiten Artikel werden pathologiespezifische Gedächtnisprofile dargestellt, deren Kenntnis für eine rationale Untersuchungsplanung ebenso wichtig ist, wie für die Syndrom- und Differenzialdiagnose. Des Weiteren werden praktische Fragen der Testinterpretation erörtert, so unter anderem die Notwendigkeit einer kontinuierlichen Validierung und Qualitätskontrolle der diagnostischen Arbeit.
Abstract
On all stages of the neuropsychological memory assessment the investigator is faced with multiple demands. The aim of this article is to present the theoretical fundaments together with core practical aspects of clinical diagnostics. In a first article (evaluation of memory disorders) it has been shown that even test selection demands a broad theoretical knowledge about memory models, memory tests and criteria for the evaluation of the tests. In this second article pathology-specific memory profiles are outlined. Knowledge about this is important for a rational planning of the investigation as well as for the classification of syndromes and differential diagnostics. Further, we address practical questions about test interpretation, including the necessity of a continuing validation and quality control of memory assessment.
Literatur
-
1
Hermann B P, Wyler A R, Richey T, Rea J M.
Memory function and verbal learning ability in patients with complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin.
Epilepsia.
1987;
28
547-554
-
2
Ojemann G, Dodrill C B.
Verbal memory deficits after left temporal lobectomy for epilepsy: mechanism and prediction.
J Neurosurg.
1985;
62
101-107
-
3
Delaney R C, Rosen A J, Mattson R H, Novelly R A.
Memory function in focal epilepsy: a comparison of nonsurgical, unilateral, temporal and frontal lobe samples.
Cortex.
1980;
16
103-117
-
4
Squire L R, Zola S M.
Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia.
Hippocampus.
1998;
8
205-211
-
5 Fuster J M. The Prefrontal Cortex. New York; Raven Press 1980
-
6
Warrington E K, Logue V, Pratt R TC.
The anatomical localisation of selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory.
Neuropsychologia.
1971;
9
377-387
-
7
Tulving E, Kapur S, Craik F I. et al .
Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emissiontomography findings.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
1994;
91
2016-2020
-
8
Habib R, Nyberg L, Tulving E.
Hemispheric asymmetries of memory: the HERA model revisited.
Trends Cogn Sci.
2003;
7
241-245
-
9
Kapur N.
Syndromes of retrograde amnesia: A conceptual and empirical synthesis.
Psychol Bull.
1999;
125
800-825
-
10
Wheeler M A, McMillan C T.
Focal retrograde amnesia and the episodic-semantic distinction.
Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci.
2001;
1
22-36
-
11
Markowitsch H J, Calabrese P, Haupts M. et al .
Searching for the anatomical basis of retrograde amnesia.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol.
1993;
15
947-967
-
12 Hartje W, Poeck K. Klinische Neuropsychologie. Stuttgart; Thieme 2002
-
13
O'Connor M G, Lafleche G M.
Retrograde amnesia in patients with rupture and surgical repair of anterior communicating artery aneurysms.
J Int Neuropsychol Soc.
2004;
10
221-229
-
14
O'Kane G, Kensinger E A, Corkin S.
Evidence for semantic learning in profound amnesia: an investigation with patient H. M.
Hippocampus.
2004;
14
417-425
-
15
Tsukiura T, Ohtake H, Fujii T. et al .
Preserved ability to recognize keywords related to remote events in the absence of retrieval of relevant knowledge: a case of postencephalitic amnesia.
Brain Cogn.
2003;
51
1-11
-
16
Temple C M, Richardson P.
Developmental amnesia: a new pattern of dissociation with intact episodic memory.
Neuropsychologia.
2004;
42
764-781
-
17
Isaacs E B, Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins K E. et al .
Developmental amnesia and its relationship to degree of hippocampal atrophy.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2003;
100
13060-13063
-
18
Gadian D G, Aicardi J, Watkins K E. et al .
Developmental amnesia associated with early hypoxic-ischaemic injury.
Brain.
2000;
123
499-507
-
19
Vargha-Khadem F, Salmond C H, Watkins K E. et al .
Developmental amnesia: effect of age at injury.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
2003;
100
10055-10060
-
20
Helmstaedter C.
Effects of chronic epilepsy on declarative memory systems.
Prog Brain Res.
2002;
135
439-453
-
21 Dilling H, Freyberger J (Hrsg). Weltgesundheitsorganisation: Taschenführer zur ICD-10-Klassifikation psychischer Störungen: mit Glossar und Diagnostischen Kriterien ICD-10, DCR-10. Bern; Huber 1999
-
22
Knopman D S, DeKosky S T, Cummings J L. et al .
Practice parameter: Diagnosis of dementia (an evidence-based review).
Neurology.
2001;
56
1143-1153
-
23
Klages J D, Fisk J D, Rockwood K.
APOE genotype, memory test performance, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.
2003;
15
1-5
-
24
Murayama S, Saito Y.
Neuropathological diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease.
Neuropathology.
2004;
24
254-260
-
25
Tabert M H, Albert S M, Borukhova-Milov L. et al .
Functional deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment: Prediction of AD.
Neurology.
2002;
58
758-764
-
26
Petersen R C, Stevens J C, Ganguli M. et al .
Practice parameter: Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review).
Neurology.
2001;
56
1133-1142
-
27
Hogh P, Madsen Sjo N, Gade A, Waldemar G.
Temporal lobe hypoperfusion in isolated amnesia with slow onset: a single photon emission computer tomography study.
Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord.
2004;
18
15-23
-
28
Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen J P. et al .
Risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: A community-based, prospective study.
Neurology.
2001;
56
730-736
-
29
Mitchell T W, Mufson E J, Schneider J A. et al .
Parahippocampal tau pathology in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment, and early Alzheimer's disease.
Ann Neurol.
2002;
51
182-189
-
30
Kessler J, Markowitsch H J, Rudolf J, Heiss W D.
Continuing cognitive impairment after isolated transient global amnesia.
Int J Neurosci.
2001;
106
159-168
-
31
Quinette P, Guillery B, Desgranges B. et al .
Working memory and executive functions in transient global amnesia.
Brain.
2003;
126
1917-1934
-
32
Guillery B, Desgranges B, Katis S. et al .
Semantic acquisition without memories: evidence from transient global amnesia.
Neuroreport.
2001;
12
3865-3869
-
33
Huber R, Aschoff A J, Ludolph A C, Riepe M W.
Transient Global Amnesia. Evidence against vascular ischemic etiology from diffusion weighted imaging.
J Neurol.
2002;
249
1520-1524
-
34
Pantoni L, Lamassa M, Inzitari D.
Transient global amnesia: a review emphasizing pathogenic aspects.
Acta Neurol Scand.
2000;
102
275-283
-
35
Jovin T G, Vitti R A, McCluskey L F.
Evolution of temporal lobe hypoperfusion in transient global amnesia: a serial single photon emission computed tomography study.
J Neuroimaging.
2000;
10
238-241
-
36
Manes F, Hodges J R, Graham K S, Zeman A.
Focal autobiographical amnesia in association with transient epileptic amnesia.
Brain.
2001;
124
499-509
-
37
Ghika-Schmid F, Nater B.
Anomia for people's names, a restricted form of transient epileptic amnesia.
Eur J Neurol.
2003;
10
651-654
-
38
Rabinowicz A L, Starkstein S E, Leiguarda R C, Coleman A E.
Transient epileptic amnesia in dementia: a treatable unrecognized cause of episodic amnestic wandering.
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord.
2000;
14
231-233
-
39
Helmstaedter C, Elger C E, Lendt M.
Postictal courses of cognitive deficits in focal epilepsies.
Epilepsia.
1994;
35
1073-1078
-
40
Kopelman M D, Kapur N.
The loss of episodic memories in retrograde amnesia: single-case and group studies.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.
2001;
356
1409-1421
-
41
Renzi E De, Lucchelli F, Muggia S, Spinnler H.
Is memory loss without anatomical damage tantamount to a psychologenic deficit? The case of pure retrograde amnesia.
Neuropsychologia.
1997;
35
781-794
-
42
Markowitsch H J.
Psychogenic amnesia.
Neuroimage.
2003;
20, Suppl 1
S132-S138
-
43
Mackenzie Ross S.
Profound retrograde amnesia following mild head injury: organic or functional?.
Cortex.
2000;
36
521-537
-
44
Nakamura H, Kunori Y, Mori K. et al .
Two cases of functional focal retrograde amnesia with impairment of object use.
Cortex.
2002;
38
613-622
-
45 Förstl H, Calabrese P. Rationelle Diagnostik. In: Förstl H (Hrsg) Demenzen in Theorie und Praxis. Berlin; Springer 2001: 219-227
-
46
Lafosse J M, Reed B R, Mungas D. et al .
Fluency and memory differences between ischemic vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Neuropsychology.
1997;
11
514-522
-
47
Carlesimo G A, Fadda L, Bonci A, Caltagirone C.
Differential rates of forgetting from long-term memory in Alzheimers's and multi-infarct dementia.
Int J Neurosci.
1993;
73
1-11
-
48
Pasquier F.
Early diagnosis of dementia: neuropsychology.
J Neurol.
1999;
246
6-15
-
49
Helmstaedter C, Kurthen M.
Memory and epilepsy: characteristics, course, and influence of drugs and surgery.
Curr Opin Neurol.
2001;
14
211-216
-
50
Lutz M T, Clusmann H, Elger C E. et al .
Neuropsychological outcome after selective amygdalohippocampectomy with transsylvian versus transcortical approach: a randomized prospective clinical trial of surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy.
Epilepsia.
2004;
45
809-816
-
51 Helmstaedter C, Lendt M, Lux S. VLMT - Verbaler Lern- und Merkfähigkeitstest. Göttingen; Hogrefe 2001
-
52
Kockelmann E, Elger C E, Helmstaedter C.
Significant improvement in frontal lobe associated neuropsychological functions after withdrawal of topiramate in epilepsy patients.
Epilepsy Res.
2003;
54
171-178
-
53
Helmstaedter C, Elger C E, Lendt M.
Postictal courses of cognitive deficits in focal epilepsies.
Epilepsia.
1994;
35
1073-1078
-
54 Lutz M T, Helmstaedter C. Tracking cognitive side effects of antiepileptic drugs: EpiTrack (Abstract). Epilepsia 2005 submitted
-
55
Wilde N J, Strauss E, Chelune G J. et al .
Confirmatory factor analysis of the WMS-III in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Psychol Assess.
2003;
15
56-63
-
56
Baddeley A, Vargha-Khadem F, Mishkin M.
Preserved recognition in a case of developmental amnesia: implications for the acquisition of semantic memory?.
J Cogn Neurosci.
2001;
13
357-369
Dipl.-Psych. Martin T. Lutz
Universität Bonn · Klinik für Epileptologie
Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25
53105 Bonn
Email: Martin.Lutz@ukb.uni-bonn.de
