Zusammenfassung
Die monosymptomatische Enuresis ist mit einer Prävalenz von über 20 % bei Fünfjährigen eines der häufigsten urologischen Symptome des Kindesalters. Das Ursachenspektrum ist breit gefächert und umfasst neben genetischen, endokrinologischen und neurobiologischen Faktoren insbesondere eine Dysfunktion des unteren Harntrakts. Das Verständnis der komplexen pathophysiologischen Zusammenhänge ist nach wie vor lückenhaft. Obwohl die kindliche Enuresis an sich keinen Krankheitswert im engeren Sinne besitzt, wurden psychische und soziale Beeinträchtigungen in bis zu 40 % der Betroffenen dokumentiert. Als Behandlungsmöglichkeiten stehen verhaltenstherapeutische und medikamentöse Ansätze, sowie multimodale Konzepte zur Verfügung. Insbesondere der Pharmakotherapie wurden in der Vergangenheit hohe Erfolgsaussichten zugeschrieben. Viele dieser optimistischen Einschätzungen halten einer kritischen Überprüfung allerdings nicht stand. Zahlreiche Arbeiten zur Therapie der Enuresis weisen schwerwiegende methodologische Schwächen auf, so dass die Beweiskraft vieler Studien als gering eingestuft werden muss. Im Hinblick auf eine objektive Bewertung der gängigen Therapieoptionen sind methodologisch solide Arbeiten zu fordern.
Abstract
Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is one of the most frequent urological symptoms in children, affecting about 20 % of five year olds. It is a heterogeneous disorder with a whole variety of etiologic factors (genetic, endocrinological, neurobiological), particularly a dysfunction of the lower urinary tract. Despite the prevalence of enuresis many questions regarding the complex pathophysiological mechanisms remain unanswered. While nocturnal enuresis per se is clearly not a disease, psychosocial problems have been reported in up to 40 % of affected children. Management strategies comprise behavioural and pharmacological approaches, either in isolation or combined. Although expectations were high, especially with pharmacological interventions, the results are usually disappointing with high recurrence rates. Extensive analyses of the available literature on the efficacy of enuresis treatment modalities reveal a poor quality of many trials with a whole range of methodological flaws. Therefore, further comparative studies of adequate methodological quality are needed.
Schlüsselwörter
Enuresis - kindliche Inkontinenz - Alarmtherapie - Pharmakotherapie
Key words
nocturnal enuresis - incontinence - alarm devices - pharmacotherapy
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Dr. med. P. C. Rubenwolf
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