Zusammenfassung
Ein Einfluss von UDC auf die Endpunkte Tod oder transplantationsfreies Überleben kann
in klinischen Studien nur dann nachgewiesen werden, wenn die UDC-Therapie in den Frühstadien
I, allenfalls noch II, begonnen und bis in die Stadien III/IV, besser IV, fortgesetzt
wird. Der Grund hierfür liegt in der Beobachtung, dass in den Stadien I/II kein Patient
eine derart progressive Krankheit hat, dass sie zur Transplantation oder zum Tode
führt, und dass ein messbarer Einfluss von UDC auf die Fibrose- und Zirrhosestadien
III/IV (wie auch für Medikamente bei anderen Leberkrankheiten) zunehmend geringer
und schließlich nicht mehr nachweisbar wird. Es muss daher schon in der Entzündungsphase
I (allenfalls in der entzündlich-progressiven Phase II) mit der Behandlung begonnen
und nach jahrelanger Dauertherapie der Ausgang ermittelt werden. Hierfür sind sehr
große, wahrscheinlich nicht erreichbare Patientenkollektive erforderlich. Aus ethischen
Gründen bleibt außerdem problematisch, ob man über einen derart langen Zeitraum die
Hälfte der Patienten nur mit Plazebo behandeln darf. - Da diese Argumente weder in
zwei hier zitierten Metaanalysen noch in irgendwelchen anderen Studien berücksichtigt
wurden, lassen sie eine Aussage über die Lebenserwartung unter UDC-Therapie nicht
zu. Andererseits lässt sich heute mithilfe international akzeptierter prognostischer
Variablen und mit mathematischen Modellen, deren Einschränkungen sehr wohl bekannt
sind und berücksichtigt werden müssen, der Krankheitsverlauf für unbehandelte und
behandelte Patienten mit hinreichend großer Genauigkeit ermitteln und die Überlebenszeit
(transplantatfreies Überleben und Tod) berechnen. Da UDC die wichtigsten Prognosemarker
der PBC, wie z.B. Serumbilirubin, Piecemeal-Nekrosen, histologische Progression, Aszites
und Ödeme, und offenbar auch die Scores für Pruritus und Lethargie (Fatigue), signifikant
positiv beeinflusst, lässt sich nicht nur eine Abnahme der Transplantationsinzidenz
nachweisen, sondern auch eine Lebensverlängerung berechnen.
Abstract
The effects in clinical studies of UDCA on the endpoints “death” or “pre-transplantation
survival” can only be shown when UDCA therapy is started in an early disease phase,
preferably in stage I but no later than stage II, and is then continued into stages
III/IV, or preferably stage IV. The reasons for this lie in the observation that,
in stages I/II, no patient suffers from progressive disease that irrevocably leads
to death or transplantation, while a measurable effect of UDCA, as is true for other
drugs and other hepatic diseases, continues to dwindle and finally disappears as patients
progress through the fibrotic and cirrhotic stages III and IV. Hence, administration
of UDCA must begin in the phase of progressive inflammation (stages I and II) and
the outcome documented after many years of long-term therapy. This requires very large,
probably unattainable, patient collectives. Whether it is justified to administer
placebo to one-half of these patients over such an extended period of time represents
a profound ethical dilemma. Because these arguments were not considered in the two
meta-analyses cited above or in any other study, they do not allow a definitive statement
on the life expectancy of patients on UDCA therapy. On the other hand, it is possible
using generally accepted, independent prognostic variables and mathematical models,
whose limitations are well-known and must be considered, to predict with a high degree
of accuracy the disease course of treated and untreated patients and calculate their
life expectancy and/or pre-transplantation survival. Because UDCA exerts a significant
positive effect on the most important prognostic markers for PBC, such as serum bilirubin,
piecemeal necroses, histological disease progression, ascites and edema, and apparently
the scores for pruritus and fatigue, this permits us to demonstrate not only a decrease
in the incidence of transplantation but also to calculate a prolongation in life expectancy.
Schlüsselwörter
Primär biliäre Zirrhose - Ursodeoxycholsäure - Therapieergebnisse - Überlebensrate
Key words
Primary biliary cirrhosis - ursodeoxycholic acid - therapy results - survival
References
1
Leuschner U, Fischer H, Kurtz W. et al .
Ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis: Results of a controlled double-blind
trial.
Gastroenterology.
1989;
97
1268-1274
2
Poupon R E, Balkau B, Eschwège E. et al .
The UDCA-PBC-Study Group. A multicenter, controlled trial of ursodiol for the treatment
of primary biliary cirrhosis.
N Engl J Med.
1991;
324
1548-1554
3
Combes B, Carithers R L, Maddrey W C. et al .
A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary
biliary cirrhosis.
Hepatology.
1995;
22
759-766
4
Czaya A J.
Autoimmune liver disease.
Curr Opin Gastroenterol.
1999;
15
240-248
5
Kim W R, Lindor K D, Locke G R. et al .
Epidemiology and natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis in a U.S. community.
Gastroenterology.
2000;
119
1631-1636
6
Kingham J G, Parker D R.
The association between primary biliary cirrhosis in coeliac disease: a study of relative
prevalence.
Gut.
1998;
42
120-122
7
Howel D, Fischbacher C, Bhopal R. et al .
An exploratory population based case-control study of primary biliary cirrhosis.
Hepatology.
2000;
31
1055-1060
8
Prince M I, James O FW.
The epidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis.
Clin Liver Dis.
2003;
7
795-819
9
Scheuer P J.
Ludwig-Symposium on biliary disorders - part 2. Pathologic features and evaluation
of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Mayo Clin Proc.
1998;
73
179-183
10
Christensen E, Neuberger J, Crowe J. et al .
Benefical effect of azathioprine and prediction of progression in primary biliary
cirrhosis. Trial results of an international trial.
Gastroenterology.
1985;
89
1085-1091
11
Dickson E R, Grambsch P M, Fleming T R. et al .
Prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis: Model for decision making.
Hepatology.
1989;
10
1-7
12
Rydning A, Schrumpf E, Abdelnoor M. et al .
Factor of prognostic importance in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Scand J Gastroenterol.
1990;
25
119-126
13
Christensen E.
Prognostic modelling in primary biliary cirrhosis. West End Studios Eastbourne BN,
UK.
1999;
93-99
14
Murtaugh P A, Dickson E R, van Dam G M. et al .
Primary biliary cirrhosis: Prediction of short-term survival based on repeated patient
visits.
Hepatology.
1994;
20
126-134
15
Grambsch P M, Dickson E R, Kaplan M. et al .
Extramural cross validation of the Mayo primary biliary cirrhosis survival model establishes
its generalizability.
Hepatology.
1989;
10
846-850
16
Klion F M, Fabry T L, Palmer M. et al .
Prediction of survival of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Examination of
the Mayo Clinic model on a group of patients with known end point.
Gastroenterology.
1992;
102
310-313
17
Christensen E, Altman D G, Neuberger J. et al .
Updating prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis using a time-dependent Cox regression
model.
Gastroenterology.
1993;
105
1865-1876
18
Kim W R, Wiesner R H, Poterucha J J. et al .
Adaption of the Mayo primary biliary cirrhosis natural history model for application
in liver transplant candidates.
Liver Transpl.
2000;
6
489-494
19
Christensen E.
Prognostic models including the Child-Pugh, MELD and Mayo Risk scores - where are
we and where should we go?.
J Hepatol.
2004;
41
344-350
20
Christensen E, Schlichting P, Andersen P K. et al .
Updating prognosis and therapeutic effect evaluation in cirrhosis using Cox’s multiple
regression model for time dependent variables.
Scand J Gastroenterol.
1986;
21
163-174
21
Jensen D M.
Cholestasis.
Clinics in Liver Disease.
1999;
3
529-570
22
Angulo P, Lindor K D, Therneau T M. et al .
Utilization of the Mayo risk score in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis receiving
ursodeoxycholic acid.
Liver.
1999;
19
115-121
23
Lindor K D, Therneau T M, Jorgensen R A. et al .
Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
1996;
110
1515-1518
24
Emond M, Carithers R L Jr, Luketi V A. et al .
Does ursodeoxycholic acid improve survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis?
Comparison of outcome in the U.S. multicenter trial to expected survival using the
Mayo clinic prognosis model.
Hepatology.
1996;
24
168A
25
Markus B H, Dickson E R, Grambsch P M. et al .
Efficacy of liver transplantation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
N Engl J Med.
1989;
320
1709-1713
26
Corpechot C, Carrat F, Poupon R. et al .
Primary biliary cirrhosis: Incidence and predictive factors of cirrhosis development
in ursodiol treated patients.
Gastroenterology.
2002;
122
652-658
27
Locke I II GR, Therneau T M, Ludwig J. et al .
Time course of histological progression in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Hepatology.
1998;
23
52-56
28
Roll J, Boyer J L, Barry D L. et al .
The prognostic importance of clinical and histologic features in asymptomatic and
symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis.
N Eng J Med.
1983;
308
1-7
29
Goudie B M, Burt A D, MacFarlane G J. et al .
Risk factors and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1989;
84
713-716 (erratum in Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84: 1474)
30
Angulo P.
Primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Clinics in Liver Disease.
1999;
3
529-571
31
Pasha T M, Dickson E R.
Survival algorithms and outcome analysis in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Seminars in Liver Disease.
1997;
17
147-158
32
Parés A, Rodés J.
Natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis.
Clinics in Liver Disease.
2003;
7
779-794
33
Felix R, Schuster S.
A new method for the measurement of itch and response to treatment.
Br J Dermatol.
1975;
93
303-312
34
Bergasa N V.
Pruritus and fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Clinics in Liver Disease.
2003;
7
879-900
35
Goldblatt J, Taylor P J, Lipman T. et al .
The true impact of fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis: a population study.
Gastroenterology.
2002;
122
1235-1241
36
Cauch-Dudek K, Abbey S, Stewart D E. et al .
Fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Gut.
1998;
43
705-710
37
Kilmurry M R, Heathcote E J, Cauch-Dudek K. et al .
Is the Mayo model for predicting survival useful after the introduction of ursodeoxycholic
acid treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis?.
Hepatology.
1996;
23
1148-1153
38
Christensen E, Crowe J, Doniach D. et al .
Clinical pattern and course of disease in primary biliary cirrhosis based on the analysis
of 236 patients.
Gastroenterology.
1980;
236
46-78
39
Mahl T, Shockcor W, Boyer J L.
Primary biliary cirrhosis. Survival of a large cohort of symptomatic and asymptomatic
patients followed for 24 years.
J Hepatol.
1994;
20
707-713
40
Springer J, Cauch-Dudek K, O’Rourke K. et al .
Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis: a study of its natural history and prognosis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1999;
94
47-53
41
Prince M, Chetwynd A, Newman W. et al .
Survival and symptom progression in a geographically based cohort of patients with
primary biliary cirrhosis: follow-up for up to 28 years.
Gastroenterology.
2002;
1044
51-123
42
Parés A, Bruguera M, Rodés J.
Cirrosis biliar. Evaluación clínica y criterios de valor pronóstico.
Gastroenterol Hepatol.
1981;
4
76-81
43
Shapiro J M, Smith H, Schaffner F.
Serum bilirubin: a prognostic factor in primary biliary cirrhosis.
Gut.
1979;
20
137-140
44
Perez Tamayo R.
Cirrhosis of the liver: a reversible disease?.
Pathol Annu.
1979;
14
183-213
45
Wanless I R, Nakashima E, Sherman M.
Regression of human cirrhosis: morphologic features and the genesis of incomplete
septal cirrhosis.
Arch Pathol Lab Med.
2000;
124
1599-1607
46
Poynard T, McHutchison J, Manns M. et al .
Impact of pegylated interferon alpha-2 b and ribavirin on liver fibrosis in patients
with chronic hepatitis C.
Gastroenterology.
2002;
122
1303-1313
47
Desmet V J, Roskams T.
Cirrhosis reversal: a duel between dogma and myth.
J Hepatol.
2004;
40
860-867
48
Sobesky R, Mathurin P, Charlotte F.
Modeling the impact of interferon alpha treatment on liver fibrosis progression in
chronic hepatitis C: a dynamic view.
Gastroenterology.
1999;
116
378-386
49
Schaffner F, Popper H.
Capillarization of hepatic sinusoids in man.
Gastroenterology.
1963;
44
239-242
50
Wanless I R, Wong F, Blendis L M. et al .
Hepatic and portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis: possible role in development of parenchymal
extinction and portal hypertension.
Hepatology.
1995;
21
1238-1247
51
Varin F, Huet P M.
Hepatic microcirculation in the perfused cirrhotic rat liver.
J Clin Invest.
1985;
76
1904-1912
52
Gaudio E, Pannarale L, Onori P. et al .
A scanning electron microscopic study of liver microcirculation disarrangement in
experimental rat cirrhosis.
Hepatology.
1993;
17
477-485
53
Corpechot C, Carrat F, Poupon R. et al .
Primary biliary cirrhosis: Incidence and predictive factors of cirrhosis development
in ursodiol-treated patients.
Gastroenterology.
2002;
122
652-658
54
Goulis J, Leandro G, Burrough A K.
Randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis:
a meta-analysis.
The Lancet.
1999;
354
1053-1060
55
Gluud C, Christensen E.
Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2002;
1
CD 000 551
56
Papatheodoridis G V, Hadziyannis E S, Deutsch M. et al .
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in primary biliary cirrhosis. Trial results of a 12-year
prospective randomized, controlled trial.
Amer J Gastroenterol.
2002;
32
561-566
57
Parés A, Caballeria L, Rodés J. et al .
Long-term effects of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in primary biliary cirrhosis: Results
of a double-blind controlled multicentric trial.
J Hepatol.
2000;
32
561-566
58
Combes B, Luketik V A, Peters M G. et al .
Prolonged follow-up of patients in the U.S. multicenter trial ursodeoxycholic acid
for primary biliary cirrhosis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2004;
99
264-298
59
Poupon R E.
Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis: Lessons from the past - issues
for the future.
J Hepatol.
2000;
32
685-688
60
Ludwig J, Dickson E R, McDonald G S.
Staging of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (syndrome of primary biliary
cirrhosis).
Virchows Arch, A (Pathol Anat).
1978;
379
103-112
61
Williams C N, Al Kuawi B, Blanchard W.
Bioavailability of four ursodeoxycholic acid preparations.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther.
2000;
14
1133-1139
62
Schiffman M L, Kaplan G D, Brinkmann V. et al .
Prophylaxis against gallstone formation with ursodeoxycholic acid in patients participating
in a very-low-calorie diet program.
Ann Intern Med.
1995;
122
899-905
63
Kjaegard L L, Villumsen J, Gluud C.
Reported methodological quality and discrepancies between large and small randomised
trials in meta-analyses.
Ann Int Med.
2001;
135
982-989
64
Schulz K F, Chalmers I, Hayes R. et al .
Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associates with estimates
of treatment of controlled trials.
JAMA.
1995;
273
408-412
65
Corpechot C, Carrat F, Bonnaud A M. et al .
The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on liver fibrosis progression in primary
biliary cirrhosis.
Hepatology.
2000;
32
1196-1199
66
Parés A, Caballeria L, Bruguera M. et al .
Factors influencing histological progression of early primary biliary cirrhosis. Effect
of ursodeoxycholic acid.
J Hepatol.
2001;
34 (Suppl 1)
189-190
67
Parés A, Caballeria L, Rodés J.
Long-term ursodeoxycholic acid treatment delays progression of mild primary biliary
cirrhosis.
J Hepatol.
2001;
34 (Suppl 1)
187-188
68
Poupon R E, Lindor K D, Cauch-Dudek K. et al .
Combined analysis of randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary
biliary cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
1997;
113
884-890
69 Poupon R, Corpechot C, Carrat F. et al .Primary biliary cirrhosis: Long-term therapy
with ursodeoxycholic acid. Leuschner U, Broomé U, Stiehl A Cholestatic liver diseases.
Therapeutic options and perspectives Kluwer, Dordrecht, Boston, London; 2004: 171-178
70
Corpechot C, Carrat F, Bahr A. et al .
The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on the natural course of primary biliary
cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
2005;
128
297-303
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Leuschner
Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität
Theodor-Stern-Kai 7
D-60590 Frankfurt am Main
Phone: ++ 49/69/59 72/53
Fax: ++ 49/69/56 01/6 69
Email: U.Leuschner@em.uni-Frankfurt.de