Zusammenfassung
Für die Funktionsbeurteilung spinaler Bahnsysteme eignen sich grundsätzlich sowohl
motorisch (MEP) als auch somatosensorisch (SEP) evozierte Potenziale. Aufgrund der
Physiologie der Reizleitung liefern die MEP dabei Informationen über ventrale Rückenmarksanteile
(Pyramidenbahn, Vorderhorn, Vorderwurzelaustrittszone), SEP über dorsale Anteile des
Rückenmarksquerschnittes (Hinterwurzeleintrittszone, Hinterstränge). Mögliche klinische
Fragestellungen beim Einsatz der evozierten Potenziale umfassen dabei die Objektivierung
von Läsionen bei akuten spinalen Erkrankungen, aber auch eine vertikale bzw. horizontale
Lokalisationsdiagnostik sowie mögliche prognostische Aussagen. Weitere Indikationen
umfassen die Entdeckung subklinischer Läsionen sowie die Verlaufsbeurteilung bei eher
chronischen spinalen Erkrankungen. Eine vertikale Lokalisationsdiagnostik ist dabei
durch die Wahl geeigneter Ableit- und Stimulationsorte sowohl für die MEP als auch
für die SEP in gewissen Grenzen möglich. Dargestellt werden Anwendung und typische
Befundkonstellationen bei akuten und chronischen Rückenmarkstraumen, spinalen Raumforderungen
einschließlich zervikaler Myelopathie, vaskulären und entzündlichen Myelopathien,
psychogener Querschnittssymptomatik sowie einer Reihe von selteneren spinalen Erkrankungen.
Dabei wird gezeigt, wie SEP und MEP bei Berücksichtigung der klinischen Symptomatik
sowie der methodischen Einschränkung einer fehlenden ätiologischen Spezifität der
Befunde einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Diagnostik und Differenzialdiagnostik spinaler
Erkrankungen liefern können.
Abstract
Motor (MEP) and somatosensory (SEP) evoked potentials can be used to assess the functionality
and integrity of different ascending and descending volleys of the spinal cord. Whereas
MEP provide information about ventral structures of the spinal cord (pyramidal tract,
ventral horn), the registration of normal SEP requires an intact function of the dorsal
column and dorsal root entrance zone. Evoked potentials can be used in clinical practice
to objectify acute spinal lesions, to provide a horizontal and vertical localisation
of the lesion or to obtain information about the prognosis of a spinal lesion. Further
applications are the detection of subclinical lesions and the development of the lesions
in chronic diseases involving the spinal cord. A vertical localisation of spinal lesions
can be performed by selecting multiple individually adapted recording and stimulation
sites. We present the results in acute and chronic stages of spinal cord injury, in
spinal tumours or cervical myelopathy, in ischaemic or inflammatory myelopathy, in
psychogenic paraplegia and in a number of other infrequent disorders affecting the
spinal cord. It is shown how SEP and MEP can provide useful information complementary
to the clinical findings in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of spinal cord
lesions of different origin, with respect to the lack of etiological specificity,
which should be considered when interpreting results of MEP and SEP measurements.
Key words
Motor evoked potential - somatosensory evoked potential - spinal cord injury - myelopathy
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PD Dr. P. Schwenkreis
Neurologische Universitätsklinik · BG-Kliniken Bergmannsheil
Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1
44789 Bochum
Email: peter.schwenkreis@rub.de