Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag wird anhand zweier unterschiedlicher Beispiele die Bedeutung von
Methoden und Konzepten der Pharmaziegeschichte für die Ethnopharmazie und Ethnobotanik
aufgezeigt. Pharmaziegeschichtliche Forschung hat - insbesondere in Bezug auf Arzneipflanzen
und Phytotherapie - schon seit längerem die kulturelle Bedeutung dieser von Menschen
in allen Kulturen genutzten Ressourcen betont. Während in vielen Bereichen der Kulturwissenschaften
Fragen der methodischen Vorgehensweise sowie deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen intensiv
diskutiert wurden, steht diese Diskussion vor allem in den naturwissenschaftlich orientierten
Zweigen der Ethnobotanik und Ethnopharmazie noch am Anfang. Dieser Beitrag soll die
beginnende Methodendiskussion unterstützen. Als Beispiele werden die Frage nach dem
gemeinsamen Ursprung der Arzneipflanzennutzung bei zwei linguistisch verwandten Gruppen
der Macro-Maya in Mexiko und ein ethnobotanisch-historisches Projekt zur Pflanzennutzung
einer Mayagruppe im Osten Guatemalas, den Ch'orti', untersucht.
Summary
Ethnobotany and the history of pharmacy: common challenges and tasks
In this paper we use two disparate examples to highlight the relevance of historical
methods in the context of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacy. The history of pharmacy -
as it relates to phytotherapy and medicinal plants - has had a strong interest in
what anthropologists would call ‘cultural practises’. The antiquity of medicinal plant
uses in the Olmec region in Mexico was studied by comparing the pharmacopoeias of
the linguistically related Lowland Mixe and Zoque-Popoluca. These cultures, separated
for about 2000 years, have cognates for vernacular medicinal plant names in common.
For fifteen species such cognate names were detected. Also, a statistically significant
segment of the medicinal flora is used for similar purposes. Overall, 123 species
are shared between the two groups and 62 of these have a similar usage. These findings
make a transmission of such knowledge since the time of the Olmecs highly likely.
The Ch'orti' of Eastern Guatemala provide another interesting example of the relevance
of historical data. Cultural anthropologist Charles Wisdom compiled an unpublished
MS with many tentatively identified medicinal plant species used in the region in
the 1930s - a rare chance for an ethnopharmacist.
Overall, these data indicate that we need to ascertain that such information is publicly
available in order to safeguard the original keepers of knowledge and their rights.
Schlüsselwörter
Traditionelle Medizin - Arzneipflanzen - Ch'orti' - Popoluca - Mexiko - Guatemala
- Pharmaziegeschichte - Ethnobotanik
Key words
Traditional medicine - medicinal plants - Ch'orti' - Popoluca - Mexico - Guatemala
- history of pharmacy - ethnobotany
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2 Korrespondenzanschrift: phyto@ulsop.ac.uk
Michael Heinrich[*]
Johanna Kufer
Marco Leonti
Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy
The School of Pharmacy, University of London
29-39 Brunswick Square
London, WC1N 1AX