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Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2006; 8(1): 120-142
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-873034
Research Paper

Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart KG · New York

Evolution of Funnel-Revolver Flowers and Ornithophily in Nasa (Loasaceae)

M. Weigend1 , M. Gottschling2
  • 1Institut für Biologie - Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
  • 2Missouri Botanical Garden, Dep. 43, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA
Further Information

Publication History

Received: August 17, 2005

Accepted: October 21, 2005

Publication Date:
25 January 2006 (online)

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Abstract

Floral morphology, distribution, and flower visitors for 60 taxa of Nasa are investigated and compared to molecular trees inferred both from a combined marker analysis (ITS1 and trnLUAA) and from a single marker (ITS1). Flowers conform to two different floral types: Firstly, “tilt-revolver flowers”, with spreading to reflexed, white to yellow petals and small, brightly coloured floral scales contrasting with the petals and firmly enclosing the nectar (Saccatae and Carunculatae); secondly, “funnel-revolver flowers”, with half-erect to erect, orange to red petals and floral scales not contrasting with the petals, or enclosed in the corolla, and nectar freely accessible by funnel-shaped floral scales (Alatae, Grandiflorae, and N. venezuelensis species group). Phylogenetic analysis shows that “tilt-revolver flowers” represent the plesiomorphic condition by outgroup comparison. The two groups with tilt-revolver flowers in Nasa are not monophyletic (Saccatae are paraphyletic, Carunculatae are polyphyletic). Most Saccatae fall into two monophyletic assemblages, the N. poissoniana species group and the N. triphylla species group. The remainder of Saccatae group either with Grandiflorae (N. insignis species group) or with Alatae (N. laxa species group). The clades retrieved in the molecular analysis contradict the traditional classification, but are congruent with vegetative morphology, details of the flower morphology, and biogeography. “Funnel-revolver flowers” represent the derived condition, but molecular data suggest a convergent development (at least twice independently), since the corresponding species do not constitute a monophyletic group. “Tilt-revolver flowers” are visited and pollinated by bees (especially Colletidae), whereas “funnel-revolver flowers” are mostly visited by hummingbirds. The transition from melittophily to ornithophily may have been the license for the colonization of, and the diversification in, both cloud forest and high Andean habitats.

Key words

Floral diversification - pollination - Nasa - funnel-revolver flowers - tilt-revolver flowers - Loasaceae - phylogeny - Andes

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M. Weigend

Institut für Biologie - Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie
Freie Universität Berlin

Altensteinstraße 6

14195 Berlin

Germany

Email: weigend@zedat.fu-berlin.de

Editor: S. Renner

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