Zusammenfassung
Angesichts dramatisch ansteigender Sectioraten und einer zunehmenden Frequenz an Geburtseinleitungen
wird die Geburtseinleitung nach vorausgegangenem Kaiserschnitt ein immer häufigeres
Problem in der Geburtshilfe. Klinisch bedeutend sind die Kontraindikationen und die
medizinischen und logistischen Voraussetzungen für eine Geburtseinleitung nach vorausgegangenem
Kaiserschnitt. Die Erfolgsrate einer vaginalen Geburt nach Sectio liegt zwischen 60
und 85 %; prädiktive Faktoren für den Erfolg einer Geburtseinleitung sind vor allem:
Vorausgegangene vaginale Geburt, Geburtsgewicht unter 4000 g, BMI < 30, spontane Wehentätigkeit
und Indikationen bei der vorausgegangenen Sectio nicht Geburtsstillstand/Kopfmissverhältnis. Entscheidend für die mütterliche und neonatale
Morbidität und Mortalität ist, ob die Geburtseinleitung nach Sectio erfolgreich ist
oder nicht, und dann eine sekundäre Re-Sectio notwendig wird. Andererseits müssen
die Langzeitfolgen wiederholter Kaiserschnitte mit dem erhöhten Risiko für perinatale
Komplikationen (Placenta accreta, Placenta praevia) in Betracht gezogen werden. Korrespondierend
zu der Rate an Uterusrupturen ist die perinatale Mortalität und die Rate an hypoxisch-ischämischen
Enzephalopathien nach Geburtseinleitung höher als nach einer elektiven Re-Sectio.
Die Rate an Uterusrupturen nach Geburtseinleitung, insbesondere nach Anwendung von
Prostaglandinen, ist deutlich erhöht und liegt bei bis zu 2,5 %, ohne Geburtseinleitung
unter Wehen zwischen 0,3 und 0,7 %, bei einer elektiven Re-Sectio bei ≤ 0,1 %. Inzwischen
wurden verschiedene Risikofaktoren für eine Uterusruptur bei Geburtseinleitung nach
Sectio identifiziert. Zur Geburtseinleitung mit Oxytocin und/oder Prostaglandin E2
versus dem Abwarten spontaner Wehen liegen in der Literatur widersprüchliche Ergebnisse
vor. Um das tatsächliche Risiko der Uterusruptur bei der einen oder anderen Vorgehensweise
zu evaluieren, bedarf es randomisierter Studien mit einer adäquaten Fallzahl; bisher
fehlen aber diesbezügliche Empfehlungen mit hoher Evidenzstärke. In Deutschland ist
die Anwendung von Prostaglandinen zur Geburtseinleitung durch die soeben publizierten
Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft geregelt; entsprechend den Empfehlungen der
ACOG besteht bei Geburtseinleitung mit Prostaglandinen ein erhöhtes Risiko für Uterusrupturen,
daher sollte eine Geburtseinleitung mit Prostaglandinen, sofern notwendig, nur nach
klar definierter, medizinischer Indikation und nach einem ausführlichen Aufklärungsgespräch
durchgeführt werden. Bei entsprechender medizinischer Indikation ist der Patientin
als Alternative eine elektive Re-Sectio anzubieten.
Abstract
In view of dramatically rising caesarean section rates and increasingly frequent recurrence
to inducing labour, the induction of labour after cesarean section (c. s.) has become
one of the most common problems in obstetrics. Before starting induction of labour
obstetricans must be aware of the related contraindications and the medical and logistic
conditions permitting the induction of labour after previous caesarean section. The
success rates of vaginal delivery after c. s. range from 60 to 82 %; factors affecting
the success of induction of labour after c. s. include previous vaginal birth, birth
weight < 4000 g, BMI < 30, spontaneous labour and previous indications for c. s. not
being dystocia or cephalo-pelvic disproportion. The crucial point regarding maternal
and neonatal morbidity and mortality is whether the induction of labour is successful
or not, with lack of success requiring repeat c. s. On the other hand, the long-term
reproductive consequences of repeated c. s. and the increased risk of perinatal complications
(placenta accreta, praevia) should be considered. Corresponding to the rates of uterine
rupture perinatal mortality and the frequency of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy
in newborns is higher after induced labour than after elective repeat c. s. The rate
of uterine rupture after induction of labour, in particular with the use of prostaglandins,
is increased by up to 2.5 %, and occurs in between 0.3 to 0.7 % in labours; after
elective repeated c. s. this rate is only ≤ 0.1 %. Recently, several risk factors
have been identified as being associated with an increased risk of uterine rupture.
Controversial results exist regarding the risk of uterine rupture in cases of induction
of labour after previous c. s. versus waiting for spontaneous labour to begin. To
properly address the risk of uterine rupture after a previous c. s. using different
methods of labour induction, randomised trials with an adequate sample size are necessary;
however, recommendations with a strong level of evidence are lacking. In Germany,
the use of prostaglandins for induction of labour is regulated by the guidelines,
recently published, of the German Society (DGGG). According to the ACOG Committee
Opinion induction of labour with prostaglandins is associated with an increased risk
of uterine rupture; thus if indication of labour is necessary, a clear medical indication
is mandatory; the potential increased risk of uterine rupture with the use of prostaglandins
should be discussed with the patient and documented in the medical record; in cases
of medical indication an elective repeated c. s. should be offered as an alternative.
Schlüsselwörter
Geburtseinleitung - vorausgegangener Kaiserschnitt - Erfolgsrate - prädiktive Faktoren
- Uterusruptur - maternale und neonatale Morbidität und Mortalität
Key words
Trial of labour - previous caesarean section - success rate - predictive factors -
uterine rupture - maternal und neonatal morbidity and mortality
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Prof. Dr. med. W. Rath
Direktor der Frauenklinik für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe
Pauwelsstraße 30
52074 Aachen
Email: wrath@ukaachen.de