Seminal Fluid Characterization for Male Fertility and Prostate Cancer: Kallikrein-Related Serine Proteases and Whole Proteome Approaches

Tara L. Veveris-Lowe; Sarah J. Kruger; Terry Walsh; Robert A. Gardiner; Judith A. Clements

doi:10.1055/s-2006-958467

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Table of Contents

Semin Thromb Hemost 2007; 33(1): 087-099
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-958467

Seminal Fluid Characterization for Male Fertility and Prostate Cancer: Kallikrein-Related Serine Proteases and Whole Proteome Approaches

Tara L. Veveris-Lowe¹ , Sarah J. Kruger¹ , Terry Walsh¹ , Robert A. Gardiner² , Judith A. Clements¹

¹School of Life Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
²Department of Surgery, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The kallikrein-related (KLK) protease gene family encodes a subgroup of 15 serine proteases that includes prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or KLK3, the well-known biomarker for prostate cancer. PSA is also a major component of seminal fluid. To date, 10 other KLK serine proteases have been documented as present in seminal fluid (KLKs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, and 14) and, like PSA, have the potential to contribute to male fertility, either directly or indirectly, by means of their proteolytic activity on seminal coagulum proteins. These KLK enzymes arise predominantly from the glandular epithelium of the prostate and are secreted into the lumen of the prostatic ducts that empty into the urethra upon ejaculation. Given their prostatic origin, they are also being considered increasingly as diagnostic/prognostic targets for prostate cancer. This article reviews the literature on seminal fluid PSA and more recent reports on the detection of other KLKs enzymes in this milieu, and their potential roles in male fertility and prostate cancer. We also discuss recent efforts to determine the proteomic profile of seminal fluid to identify new biomarkers for prostate disease.

KEYWORDS

Seminal fluid - kallikrein-related - serine protease - fertility - prostate cancer - proteomics

Full Text

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Prof. Judith Clements

Prostate Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology

60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, Australia 4059

Email: j.clements@qut.edu.au