ABSTRACT
The professional and recreational demands of modern society make the treatment of muscle injury an increasingly important clinical problem, particularly in the athletic population. In the elite athlete, significant financial and professional pressures may also exist that emphasize the need for accurate diagnosis and treatment. With new advances in ultrasound technology, images of exquisite detail allow diagnosis of muscle injury that matches the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, the benefits of real-time and Doppler imaging, ability to perform interventional procedures, and relative cost benefits compared with MRI place ultrasound at the forefront for investigation for these injuries in many circumstances. Muscle injury may be divided into acute and chronic pathology, with muscle strain injury the most common clinical problem presenting to sports physicians. This article reviews the spectrum of acute and chronic muscle injuries, with particular attention to clinical features and some common or important muscle strain injuries.
KEYWORDS
Ultrasound - muscle - muscle injury - trauma - sport
REFERENCES
-
1
Koulouris G, Connell D.
Hamstring muscle complex: an imaging review.
Radiographics.
2005;
25(3)
571-586
-
2
Entrekin R R, Porter B A, Sillesen H H, Wong A D, Cooperberg P L, Fix C H.
Real-time spatial compound imaging: application to breast, vascular, and musculoskeletal ultrasound.
Semin Ultrasound CT MR.
2001;
22(1)
50-64
-
3
Tranquart F, Grenier N, Eder V, Pourcelot L.
Clinical use of ultrasound tissue harmonic imaging.
Ultrasound Med Biol.
1999;
25(6)
889-894
-
4
Beiner J M, Jokl P.
Muscle contusion injuries: current treatment options.
J Am Acad Orthop Surg.
2001;
9
227-237
-
5
Fornage B D.
The case for ultrasound of muscles and tendons.
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol.
2000;
4
375-391
-
6
Noonan T J, Garrett W E.
Muscle strain injury: diagnosis and treatment.
J Am Acad Orthop Surg.
1999;
7
262-269
-
7
Bianchi S, Martinoli C, Waser N P, Bianchi-Zamorani M P, Federici E, Fasel J.
Central aponeurosis tears of the rectus femoris: sonographic findings.
Skeletal Radiol.
2002;
31(10)
581-586
-
8
Cross T M, Gibbs N, Houang M T, Cameron M.
Acute quadriceps muscle strains: magnetic resonance imaging features and prognosis.
Am J Sports Med.
2004;
32
710-719
-
9 McNally E. Practical Musculoskeletal Ultrasound. Edinburgh, UK; Churchill Livingstone 2004
-
10
Campbell R SD, Wood J.
Ultrasound of muscle.
Imaging.
2002;
14
229-240
-
11
Connell D A, Potter H G, Sherman M F, Wickiewicz T L.
Injuries of the pectoralis major muscle: evaluation with MR imaging.
Radiology.
1999;
210(3)
785-791
-
12
Rehman A, Robinson P.
Sonographic evaluation of injuries to the pectoralis muscles.
AJR Am J Roentgenol.
2005;
184(4)
1205-1211
-
13 Standring S. The anatomical basis of clinical practice. Gray's Anatomy. 39th ed. Edinburgh, UK; Churchill Livingstone 2004
-
14
Robinson P.
Ultrasound of groin injury.
Imaging.
2002;
14
209-216
-
15
Brittenden J, Robinson P.
Imaging of pelvic injuries in athletes.
Br J Radiol.
2005;
78(929)
457-468
-
16
Hasselman C T, Best T M, Hughes C, Martinez S, Garrett W E.
An explanation for various rectus femoris strain injuries using previously undescribed muscle architecture.
Am J Sports Med.
1995;
23
493-499
-
17
Orchard J W.
Intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for muscle strains in Australian football.
Am J Sports Med.
2001;
29
300-303
-
18
Jamadar D A, Jacobson J A, Theisen S E et al..
Sonography of the painful calf: differential considerations.
AJR Am J Roentgenol.
2002;
179(3)
709-716
-
19
Mubarak S J, Pedowitz R A, Hargens A R.
Compartment syndromes.
Curr Orthop.
1989;
3
36-40
-
20
Peck R J, Metreweli C.
Early myositis ossificans: a new echographic sign.
Clin Radiol.
1988;
39(6)
586-588
Eugene G McNallyF.R.C.R. F.R.C.P.I.
Radiology Department, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre
Windmill Rd., Headington, Oxford OX3, United Kingdom
eMail: eugene.mcnally@ndos.ox.ac.uk
