Abstract
Effects of dietary intake on serum hormones, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and strength during strength training were studied in two groups of men: 1) strength training + nutritional counseling (n = 22, 59.1 ± 6.1 yrs), and 2) strength training (n = 23, 58.5 ± 7.1 yrs). Both groups performed strength training twice a week for 21 weeks. Counseling increased carbohydrate (p < 0.01) and fiber intake (p < 0.001) and polyunsaturated/saturated fat-ratio (p < 0.05) and decreased fat intake (p < 0.01). Muscle strength and CSA increased by 16 - 20 % and by 5.4 - 5.9 % in both groups (p < 0.001). Changes in protein content of diet correlated with the changes in the acute postexercise concentrations of total (r = 0.64, p < 0.01) and free testosterone (r = 0.54, p < 0.05) after training in the counseling group. Moreover, changes in the free testosterone responses to heavy-resistance exercise correlated with the increases in the muscle CSA (r = 0.52, p < 0.05) in the counseling group. Serum basal testosterone/sex hormone-binding globulin-ratios correlated with the body mass normalized energy (kJ/kg: r = 0.54, p < 0.001), protein (g/kg: r = 0.42, p < 0.01) and fat (g/kg: r = 0.51, p < 0.01) intake in all participants during the training. The data indicate that protein and fat intake may influence serum testosterone concentrations and that the changes in exercise-induced testosterone responses may contribute to muscle mass development during strength training.
Key words
nutrition - testosterone - exercise - elderly
References
-
1
Ahtiainen J P, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kraemer W J, Häkkinen K.
Muscle hypertrophy, hormonal adaptations and strength development during strength training in strength-trained and untrained men.
Eur J Appl Physiol.
2003;
89
555-563
-
2
Bemelmans W J, Broer J, Hulshof K F, Siero F W, May J F, Meyboom-de Jong B.
Long-term effects of nutritional group education for persons at high cardiovascular risk.
Eur J Public Health.
2004;
14
240-245
-
3
Campbell W W, Trappe T A, Jozsi A C, Kruskall L J, Wolfe R R, Evans W J.
Dietary protein adequacy and lower body versus whole body resistive training in older humans.
J Physiol.
2002;
15
631-642
-
4
Campbell W W, Geik R A.
Nutritional considerations for the older athlete.
Nutrition.
2004;
20
603-608
-
5
Chandler R M, Byrne H K, Patterson J G, Ivy J L.
Dietary supplements affect the anabolic hormones after weight-training exercise.
J Appl Physiol.
1994;
76
839-845
-
6
Dorgan J F, Judd J T, Longcope C, Brown C, Schatzkin A, Clevidence B A, Campbell W S, Nair P P, Franz C, Kahle L, Taylor P R.
Effects of dietary fat and fiber on plasma and urine androgens in men: a controlled feeding study.
Am J Clin Nutr.
1996;
64
850-855
-
7
Frontera W R, Meredith C N, O'Reilly K P, Knuttgen H G, Evans W J.
Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function.
J Appl Physiol.
1988;
64
1038-1044
-
8
Hughes V A, Frontera W R, Wood M, Evans W J, Dallal G E, Roubenoff R, Fiatarone Singh M A.
Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.
2001;
56
B209-B217
-
9
Häkkinen K, Kallinen M, Izquierdo M, Jokelainen K, Lassila H, Mälkiä E, Kraemer W J, Newton R U, Alen M.
Changes in agonist-antagonist EMG, muscle CSA, and force during strength training in middle-aged and older people.
J Appl Physiol.
1998;
84
1341-1349
-
10
Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer W J, Newton R U, Alen M.
Basal concentrations and acute responses of serum hormones and strength development during heavy resistance training in middle-aged and elderly men and women.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.
2000;
55
B95-B105
-
11
Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer W J, Häkkinen A, Valkeinen H, Alen M.
Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women.
J Appl Physiol.
2001;
91
569-580
-
12
Häkkinen K, Kraemer W J, Pakarinen A, Triplett-McBride T, McBride J M, Häkkinen A, Alen M, McGuigan M R, Bronks R, Newton R U.
Effects of heavy resistance/power training on maximal strength, muscle morphology, and hormonal response patterns in 60 - 75-year-old men and women.
Can J Appl Physiol.
2002;
27
213-231
-
13
Kamel H K.
Sarcopenia and aging.
Nutr Rev.
2003;
61
157-167
-
14
Koopman R, Wagenmakers A J, Manders R J, Zorenc A H, Senden J M, Gorselink M, Keizer H A, van Loon L J.
The combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases post-exercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects.
Am J Physiol.
2004;
288
E645-E653
-
15
Kraemer W J, Volek J S, Bush J A, Putukian M, Sebastianelli W J.
Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation.
J Appl Physiol.
1998;
85
1544-1555
-
16
Kraemer W J, Häkkinen K, Newton R U, Nindl B C, Volek J S, McCormick M, Gotshalk L A, Gordon S E, Fleck S J, Campbell W W, Putukian M, Evans W J.
Effects of heavy-resistance training on hormonal response patterns in younger vs. older men.
J Appl Physiol.
1999;
87
982-992
-
17
Lamberts S W, van den Beld A W, van der Lely A J.
The endocrinology of aging.
Science.
1997;
17
419-424
-
18
Longcope C, Feldman H A, McKinlay J B, Araujo A B.
Diet and sex hormone-binding globulin.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2000;
85
293-296
-
19
Meredith C N, Frontera W R, O'Reilly K P, Evans W J.
Body composition in elderly men: effect of dietary modification during strength training.
J Am Ger Soc.
1992;
40
155-162
-
20 Nordic Council of Ministers .4th Edition of the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations. Nord, 2004: 013 (http://www.norden.org/pub/sk/showpub.asp?pubnr=2004:013)
2004
-
21
Rantanen T, Guralnik J M, Foley D, Masaki K, Leveille S, Curb J D, White L.
Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability.
JAMA.
1999;
281
558-560
-
22
Rantanen T, Harris T, Leveille S G, Visser M, Foley D, Masaki K, Guralnik J M.
Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.
2000;
55
M168-M173
-
23
Roy T A, Blackman M R, Harman S M, Tobin J D, Schrager M, Metter E J.
Interrelationships of serum testosterone and free testosterone index with FFM and strength in aging men.
Am J Physiol.
2002;
283
E284-E294
-
24
Sallinen J, Pakarinen A, Ahtiainen J, Kraemer W J, Volek J S, Häkkinen K.
Relationship between diet and serum anabolic hormone responses to heavy resistance exercise in strength athletes and physically active males.
Int J Sports Med.
2004;
25
627-633
-
25
Tipton K D, Rasmussen B B, Miller S L, Wolf S E, Owens-Stovall S K, Petrini B E, Wolfe R R.
Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise.
Am J Physiol.
2001;
281
E197-E206
-
26
Ukkola O, Gagnon J, Rankinen T, Thompson P A, Hong Y, Leon A S, Rao D C, Skinner J S, Wilmore J H, Bouchard C.
Age, body mass index, race and other determinants of steroid hormone variability: the HERITAGE Family Study.
Eur J Endocrinol.
2001;
145
1-9
-
27
Volek J S.
Influence of nutrition on responses to resistance training.
Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2004;
36
689-696
-
28
Wang C, Catlin D H, Starcevic B, Heber D, Ambler C, Berman N, Lucas G, Leung A, Schramm K, Lee P W, Hull L, Swerdloff R S.
Low-fat high-fiber diet decreased serum and urine androgens in men.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2005;
90
3550-3559
Dr., M. Sc. (Nutrition) Janne Sallinen
Department of Biology of Physical Activity and Neuromuscular Research Center
University of Jyväskylä
P.O. Box 35
40014 University of Jyväskylä
Finland
Fax: + 35 81 42 60 20 71
eMail: janne.sallinen@sport.jyu.fi