Periocular Anesthesia in Aesthetic Surgery

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the administration of anesthesia for periocular aesthetic procedures. Special emphasis is given to office-based procedures, most often without any systemic sedation, highlighting the importance of open communication with patients. Finally, attention is given to potential pitfalls including anesthetic systemic toxicity, ocular injuries, and orbicularis myotoxicity.

Anesthesia - periocular - aesthetic - surgery - oculoplastics

REFERENCES

• 1 Gianoutsos M P, Hunter-Smith D, Smith J G, Hogan D, McEwan L. Oral premedication for local anesthesia in plastic surgery: prospective, randomized, blind comparison of lorazepam and temazepam.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;  93 901-906
• 2 Ehlert T K, Arnold D E. Local anesthesia for soft tissue surgery.  Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1990;  23 831-844
• 3 Ahlstrom K K, Frodel J L. Local anesthetics for facial plastic procedures.  Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2002;  35 29-53
• 4 Graham W P. Anesthesia in cosmetic surgery.  Clin Plast Surg. 1983;  10 285-287
• 5 Cyriac I C, Pineda R. Postoperative complications of periocular anesthesia.  Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2000;  40 85-91
• 6 Lin D J, Burroughs J R, Sami M S, Soparkar C N, Patrinely J R. Ocular injury from local anesthetic injections: needle expulsion-the luer-lok allure.  Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006;  8 436
• 7 Brun A. Effect of procaine, carbocaine, and xylocaine cutaneous muscle in rabbits and mice.  Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1959;  3 59-73
• 8 Carlsen J O, Soparkar C N, Sami M S et al.. An unrecognized cause of post-blepharoplasty lagophthalmos: local anesthetic orbicularis myotoxicity.  Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. , In press
• 9 Pizzolato P, Mannheimer W. Mode of action and effects of long acting local anesthetics.  J Am Med Assoc. 1954;  154 29-32
• 10 Matarasso A. The oculocardiac reflex in blepharoplasty surgery.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;  83 243-250
• 11 Bitar G, Mullis W, Jacobs W et al.. Safety and efficacy of office based surgery with monitored anesthesia care/sedation in 4778 consecutive plastic surgery procedures.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;  111 150-156
• 12 Elliot D L, Tolle S W, Miller S H et al.. Medical considerations in ambulatory surgery.  Clin Plast Surg. 1983;  10 295-308
• 13 Iverson R E. and the ASPS Task Force on Patient Safety in Office-based Surgery Facilities . Patient safety in office-based surgery facilities: I. Procedures in the office-based surgery setting.  Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;  110 1337-1342
• 14 Porterfield H W, Franklin L T. The use of general anesthesia in the office surgery facility.  Clin Plast Surg. 1983;  10 289-294