Download PDF
Aktuelle Neurologie 2007; 34(5): 291-310
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-970815
Fort- und Weiterbildung
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Aufmerksamkeits- und Hyperaktivitätsstörung für Neurologen

Übersicht über ADHS bei Kindern, Jugendlichen und ErwachsenenADHD for NeurologistsADHD in Children, Adolescents and AdultsU.  Preuss
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
06 June 2007 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Weiterbildungsziele

Der Leser soll nach dem Studium des Artikels

Die grundlegenden Vorstellungen der Diagnostik der ADHS kennen gelernt haben. Wissen, dass die Erstmanifestation der ADHS im Kinderalter stattfindet, dass sich der Verlauf bis ins Erwachsenenalter fortsetzen kann und wegen unterbliebener Diagnose im Kindesalter neue Fälle von ADHS im Erwachsenenalter diagnostiziert und erstmals behandelt werden können. Sensibilisiert werden, die ADHS bei Kindern und insbesondere Erwachsenen in der neurologischen Praxis identifizieren, beraten und ggf. behandeln oder zum Spezialisten zuweisen können. Wesentliche Merkmale der Komorbidität als erschwerenden Faktor der ADHS erkennen und berücksichtigen können. Die Nutzen und Risiken einer pharmakologischen Behandlung der ADHS einschätzen können.

Literatur

  • 1 American Psychiatric Association .Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd revised ed. (DSM-III-R). Washington DC; APA 1987
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Barkley R A. ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York; The Guilford Press 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Wood D R, Reimherr F W, Wender P H, Johnson G E. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in adults.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;  33 1453-1460
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Wender P H. Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children. New York; Wiley 1971
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Barkley R A. Behavioral inhibition, working memory, sustained attention and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD.  Psychol Bull. 1997;  12 65-94
    Google Scholar
  • 6 American Psychiatric Association .Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington DC; APA 2000
    Google Scholar
  • 7 World Health Organisation .Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Geneva; WHO 1992
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Swanson J M. Compliance with stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Issues and approaches for improvement.  ZNS Drugs. 2003;  17 117-131
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S. et al . Results from a four-year prospective follow-up study.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;  35 343-351
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Faraone S V, Sergeant J, Gilberg C, Biederman J. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: Is it an American condition?.  World Psychiatry. 2003;  2 104-113
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Preuss U, Ralston S J, Baldursson G. et al . Study design, baseline patient characteristics and intervention in a cross-cultural framework: results from the ADORE study.  Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;  15 i4-i14
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Cox D J, Merkel R L, Davatchev B. et al . Effect of stimulant medication on driving performance of young adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A preliminary double-blind placebo controlled trial.  J Nerve Ment. Dis;  188 230-234
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Cox D, Merkel R, Lawrence R. et al . Impact of methylphenidate delivery profiles on driving performance of adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study.  Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;  43 269-275
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Barbaresi W J, Katusic S K, Colligan R C. et al . How common is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Incidence in a population-based birth cohort in Rochester, Minn.  Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;  156 217-224
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Wilens T E, Biederman J, Spencer T J. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan.  Annu Rev Med. 2002;  53 112-131
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Biederman J, Faraone S, Spencer T. et al . Patterns of psychiatric co-morbidity cognition and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Am J Psychiatry. 1993;  150 1792-1798
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Krause K H, Dresel S H, Krause J. et al . Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate as measured by single photon emission computed tomography.  Neurosci Lett. 2000;  285 107-110
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Zametkin A J, Liotta W. The neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;  59 17-23
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Bush G. et al . Anterior cingulated cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder by fMRI and Counting Stroop.  Biol Psychiatry. 1999;  57 1542-1552
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Cardinal R N, Pennicott D R, Sugathapala C L. et al . Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core.  Science. 2001;  292 2499-2501
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Dinn W M, Robbins N C, Harris C L. Adult attention deficit-disorder/hyperactivity disorder: neuropsychological correlates and clinical presentation.  Brain Cogn. 2001;  46 114-121
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Teicher M H, Anderson C M, Polcari A. et al . Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown in functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry.  Nat Med. 2000;  6 470-416
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Sauver J LS, Barbaresi W J, Katusic S K. et al . Early life risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based cohort study.  Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;  79 1124-1131
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Conners C K. Conners' Rating Scales - Revised CRS-R. North Tonawanda; MHS 1997
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Swanson J M, Wigal S B, Udrea D. et al . Evaluation of individual subjects in the analog classroom setting: I Examples of graphical and statistical procedures for within-subject ranking of responses to different delivery patterns of methylphenidate.  Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;  34 825-832
    Google Scholar
  • 26 DuPaul G J, Power T J, Anastopoulus A D, Reid R. ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Checklists, Norms, and Clinical Interpretation. London; Guilford Press 1998
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Retz-Junginger P, Retz W, Blocher D. et al . Reliabilität und Validität der Wender-Utah-Rating-Scale-Kurzform.  Nervenarzt. 2003;  74 987-993
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Wender P H. Attention Deficit-/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults. New York; Oxford 1995
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Conners C K, Erhardt D, Sparrow E. Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). North Tonawanda, NY; Multi-Health Systems 1999
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P. et al . Instrumente zur Diagnostik der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter: Selbstbeurteilungsskala (ADHS-SB) und Diagnose Checkliste (ADHS-DC).  Nervenarzt. 2004;  75 888-895
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Linnet K M, Dalsgaard S, Obel C. et al . Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: review of the current evidence.  Am J Psychiatry. 2003;  160 1028-1040
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Bussing R, Zima B T, Gary F A. et al . Social networks, caregiver strain, and utilization of mental health services among elementary school students at high risk for ADHD.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;  42 842-850
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie u. a. (Hrsg) .Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie von psychischen Störungen im Säuglings-, Kindes- und Jugendalter. 2. überarbeitete Auflage. Köln; Deutscher Ärzte Verlag 2003
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Krause E D, Roth-Sackenheim J. ADHS im Erwachsenenalter - Leitlinien auf der Basis eines Expertenkonsensus mit Unterstützung der DGPPN.  Der Nervenarzt. 2003;  10 939-946
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Faraone S V, Tsuang M T. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Current Psychiatry Reports. 2001;  3 29-130
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Green M, Wong M, Atkins D. et al .Diagnosis of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Technical Review. No. 3. Tockville, MD; Agency for Health Care Policy and Research 1999
    Google Scholar
  • 37 MTA Cooperative Group . A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;  56 1073-1086
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Angold A, Costello E J. The epidemiology of disorders of conduct: nosological issues and comorbidity. In: Hill J, Maughan B, Goodyer IM (eds) Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press 2000: 126-168
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Biederman J, Faraone S V, Keenan K. et al . Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;  49 728-738
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Mannuzza S, Klein R G. Long-term prognosis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2000;  9 711-726
    Google Scholar
  • 41 Biederman J. Pharmacotherapy for ADHD.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;  64 3-8
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Szatmari P, Boyle M, Gifford D R. ADHD and conduct disorder: Degree of adequate overlap and differences among correlates.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;  28 865-872
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Bird H R, Gould M, Staghezza B. Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in a community sample of children ages 9 through 16 years.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;  32 361-368
    Google Scholar
  • 44 Pliszka S. Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior and stimulant response in ADHD.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989;  28 882-887
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders.  Am J Psychiatry. 1991;  148 564-577
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Geller B, Luby J. Child and adolescent bipolar disorder: a review of the past 10 years.  J Am Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;  36 1168-1176
    Google Scholar
  • 47 Cohen D J, Leckman J F. Developmental psychopathology and neurobiology of Tourette's syndrome.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;  33 2-15
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Remschmidt H. Was sind Teilleistungsschwächen?.  Monatszeitschr Kinderheilk. 1987;  135 290-296
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Pliszka S R. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2000;  9 525-540
    Google Scholar
  • 50 Duel B P, Steinberg-Epstein R, Hill M, Lerner M. A survey of voiding dysfunction in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.  J Urol. 2003;  170 1521-1523
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Corkum P, Tannock R, Moldofsky H. Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;  37 637-646
    Google Scholar
  • 52 Gottlieb D J, Vezina R M, Chase C. et al . Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in 5-year-old children are associated with sleepiness and problem behaviors.  Pediatrics. 2003;  112 870-877
    Google Scholar
  • 53 Dunn D W, Austin J K, Harezlak J, Ambrosius W T. ADHD and epilepsy in childhood.  Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003;  45 50-54
    Google Scholar
  • 54 Holtmann M, Becker K, Kentner-Figura B, Schmidt M H. Increased frequency of rolandic spikes in ADHD-children.  Epilepsia. 2003;  44 1241-1244
    Google Scholar
  • 55 Ishii T. et al . Comorbidity in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.  Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003;  57 457-463
    Google Scholar
  • 56 Dale C. et al . ADHD as a Risk Factor for incident unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in children.  Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;  61 731-736
    Google Scholar
  • 57 Fischer M, Barkley R A, Smallish L, Fletcher K. Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD.  J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2002;  30 463-475
    Google Scholar
  • 58 Wazana A. Are there injury-prone children? A critical review of the literature.  Can J Psychiatry. 1997;  42 602-610
    Google Scholar
  • 59 Biederman J, Faraone S V, Spencer T. et al . Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Am J Psychiatry. 1993;  150 1792-1798
    Google Scholar
  • 60 Reiff M I, Tippins S. ADHS: A Complete and Authoritative Guide. Elk Grove Village, IIl; American Academy of Pediatrics 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 61 2003 InfoPOEM. Key word: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Accessed December 17, 2004, at http://www.infopoems.com). 
    Google Scholar
  • 62 Wilens T, Biederman J, Spencer T. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults.  CNS Drugs. 1998;  9 347-356
    Google Scholar
  • 63 Jadad A R, Boyle M, Cunningham C. et al .Treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Evidence report/technology assessment. No. 11. Rockville, Md; Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 1999
    Google Scholar
  • 64 Cooperative Group . MTA National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-months outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Pediatrics. 2004;  113 754-761
    Google Scholar
  • 65 Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M. Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial.  Pediatrics. 1997;  100 662-666
    Google Scholar
  • 66 Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M. Methylphenidate versus dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trail.  Pediatrics. 1997;  100 E6
    Google Scholar
  • 67 American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Committee on Quality Improvement . Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-age child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Pediatrics. 2001;  108 1033-1044
    Google Scholar
  • 68 Greenhill L L, Pliszka S, Dulcan M K. et al . Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;  41, Suppl 26S-49S
    Google Scholar
  • 69 Cherland E, Fitzpatrick R. Psychotic side effects of psychostimulants: a 5-year review.  Can J Psychiatry. 1999;  44 811-813
    Google Scholar
  • 70 Surles L K, May H J, Garry J P. Adderall-induced psychosis in an adolescent.  J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002;  15 498-500
    Google Scholar
  • 71 Tossell J W, Greenstein D K, Davidson A L. et al . Stimulant drug treatment in childhood-onset schizophrenia with comorbid ADHD: an open-label case series.  J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;  14 448-454
    Google Scholar
  • 72 Barkley R A, McMurray M B, Edelbrock C S, Robbins K. Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation.  Pediatrics. 1990;  86 184-192
    Google Scholar
  • 73 O'Brien L M, Ivanenko A, Crabtree V M. et al . The effect of stimulants on sleep characteristics in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Sleep Med. 2003;  4 309-316
    Google Scholar
  • 74 National Institute of Mental Health . National Institute of Mental Health. Multimodal treatment study of ADHD follow-up: changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment.  Pediatrics. 2004;  113 762-769
    Google Scholar
  • 75 Nissen S E. ADHD drugs and cardiovascular risk.  N Engl J Med. 354;  14 1445-1448
    Google Scholar
  • 76 Hämmerli M, Mühlebach S. Ist der Einsatz von Methylphenidat mit einem kardiovaskulären Risiko verbunden?.  Paediatrica. 2002;  13 30-33
    Google Scholar
  • 77 Gracious B L. Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia associated with stimulant treatment.  J Child Adolesc Psychpharmacol. 1999;  9 125-128
    Google Scholar
  • 78 Kelsey D K, Summer C R, Casat C D. et al . Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including an assessment of evening and morning behaviour: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.  Pediatrics. 2004;  114 e1-e8
    Google Scholar
  • 79 Spencer T, Heiligenstein J H, Biederman J. et al . Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;  63 1140-1147
    Google Scholar
  • 80 Abboud L. Lilly warns doctors about Strattera.  Wall Street Journal. December 20, 2004;  B4
    Google Scholar
  • 81 Product information. Strattera (Atomoxetine). Indianapolis; Eli Lilly 2004
    Google Scholar
  • 82 Kratochvil C J, Heiligenstein J H, Dittmann R. et al . Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;  41 776-784
    Google Scholar
  • 83 Michelson D, Buitelaar J K, Danckaerts M. et al . Relapse prevention in pediatric patients with ADHD treated with atomoxetine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;  43 896-904
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Sawant S, Daviss S R. Seizures and prolonged QTc with atomoxetine overdose.  Am J Psychiatry. 2004;  161 757
    Google Scholar
  • 85 Lee T S, Lee T D, Lombroso P J, King R A. Atomoxetine and tics in ADHD.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;  43 1068-1069
    Google Scholar
  • 86 Ratner S, Laor N, Bronstein Y. et al . Six-week open-label reboxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;  44 428-433
    Google Scholar
  • 87 Barrickman L L, Perry P J, Allen A J. et al . Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;  34 649-657
    Google Scholar
  • 88 Conners C K, Casat C D, Gualtieri C T. et al . Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;  35 1314-1321
    Google Scholar
  • 89 Pine D S, Klein R G, Lindy D C, Marshall R D. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid psychosis: a review and two clinical presentations.  J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;  54 140-145
    Google Scholar
  • 90 Gunther T, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Jolles J, Konrad K. The influence of risperidone on attentional functions in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and co-morbid disruptive behavior disorder.  J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006;  16 725-735
    Google Scholar
  • 91 Faraone S V, Spencer T, Aleardi M. et al . Meta-analysis of the efficacy of methylphenidate for treating adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2004;  24 24-29
    Google Scholar
  • 92 Fritze J, Schmauß M. Off-Label-Use: Der Fall Methylphenidat für den Vorstand der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN) 2002. http://www.dgppn.de/stellungnahmen/2003/pdf/Off-Label-Use-Methylphenidat.pdf letzter Zugriff 14.11.2004
    Google Scholar
  • 93 Biederman J, Wilens T E, Mick E. et al . Does attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder impact the developmental course of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence?.  Biol Psychiatry. 1998;  44 269-273
    Google Scholar
  • 94 Krause K H, Dresel S H, Krause J. et al . The dopamine transporter and neuroimaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.  Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003;  27 605-613
    Google Scholar
  • 95 Krause J, Fougere C la, Krause K H. et al . Influence of striatal dopamine transporter availability on the response to methylphenidate in adult patients with ADHD.  Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;  225 428-431
    Google Scholar
  • 96 Abikoff H, Hechtman L, Klein R G. et al . Symptomatic improvement in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;  43 802-811
    Google Scholar
  • 97 M W eiss, Hechtman L, Weiss G. ADHD in Parents.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;  39 1059-1061
    Google Scholar
  • 98 Lauth W, Schlottke P F. Training mit aufmerksamkeitsgestörten Kindern. Materialien für die klinische Praxis/Praxismaterial. 5 vollständig überab. Auflage. Weinheim; Psychologie Verlagsunion 2002
    Google Scholar
  • 99 Preuss U, Freisberg R, Marx H, Bach N. Ein Heim für „wilde Kinder”.  Unsere Jugend. 2007;  1 23-32
    Google Scholar
  • 100 Bach N, Freisberg R, Preuss U. Die stationäre Behandlung von Kindern mit ADHS in Wohngruppen der Jugendhilfe.  Forum der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie. 2005;  15 76-88
    Google Scholar
  • 101 Wolraich M L, Wilson D B, White J W. The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children: a meta-analysis.  JAMA. 1995;  274 1617-1621
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Voigt R G, Llorente A M, Jensen C L. et al . A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.  J Pediatr. 2001;  139 189-196
    Google Scholar
  • 103 Wolraich M L. Addressing behavior problems among school-aged children: traditional and controversial approaches.  Pediatr Rev. 1997;  18 266-270
    Google Scholar
  • 104 Klein R G, Mannuzza S. Long-term outcome of hyperactive children: a review.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;  30 383-387
    Google Scholar
  • 105 Mannuzza S, Klein R G, Bessler A. et al . Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up.  Am J Psychiatry. 1998;  155 493-498
    Google Scholar
  • 106 Weiss G, Hechtman L. Hyperactive children grown up. New York; Guilford Press 1986
    Google Scholar
  • 107 Preuss U, Rothenberger A, Vlasveld L. et al .Two-year paneuropean observational study of ADHS: Overview and baseline. Lecture hold at the APA congress,. Atlanta GA USA; 2005
    Google Scholar

Dr. Dr. Ulrich Preuss

Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie Psychotherapie

Effingerstraße 12

3011 Bern, Schweiz

Email: ulrich.preuss@kjp.unibe.ch

      >