Zusammenfassung
Eine kurative Resektion des hilären Gallengangskarzinoms ist nur bei 20-30 % der Patienten möglich, sodass für die Mehrzahl der Patienten nur die Option einer palliativen Therapie verbleibt. Da der Krankheitsverlauf bei irresektablem Tumor durch lokoregionäre Komplikationen bestimmt wird, erscheint neben der Gallengangsdränage ein lokaler Therapieansatz erfolgversprechend. Hier hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren die endoluminale photodynamische Therapie (PDT) als ein durch zwei prospektiv-randmomisierte Studien und weitere prospektive Studien an insgesamt fast 200 Patienten validiertes Therapieverfahren etabliert. Das Verfahren erreicht mit geringer Komplikations- und Nebenwirkungsrate eine deutliche Verlängerung des medianen Überlebens und auch eine Verbesserung der Lebensqualität selbst bei Patienten in reduziertem Allgemeinzustand. Als weiteres lokoregionäres Therapiekonzept steht die Radiotherapie in verschiedenen Varianten (Brachytherapie, Teletherapie, kombinierte Therapie) zur Verfügung. Allerdings fehlen hier bisher prospektive und gegen eine Kontrollgruppe validierte Daten, sodass die palliative Strahlentherapie des hilären Gallenganskarzinoms derzeit noch als experimentelles Verfahren eingestuft werden muss.
Abstract
In hilar cholangiocarcinoma, only 20-30 % of the patients are candidates for curative surgical resection, leaving the majority with merely palliative treatment options. Since the natural history of hilar cholangiocarcinoma is dominated by local complications rather than metastatic disease, local palliative treatment seems a reasonable option. Here, endoluminal photodynamic therapy has emerged as a promising treatment with several prospective observational studies and 2 prospective randomised studies published which included nearly 200 patients. With low complication rate and morbidity, PDT achieves an increased median survival as well as an increased quality of life even in patients with reduced performance status. Radiotherapy is an alternative local treatment option applied as brachytherapy, external beam radiotherapy or combined modality treatment. To date, however, sufficient data from controlled clinical trials are lacking, thus palliative radiotherapy has to be considered an experimental treatment option.
Schlüsselwörter
Gallengangskarzinom - Klatskin-Tumor - photodynamische Therapie - Brachytherapie - lokoregionäre Therapie
Key words
cholangiocarcinoma - Klatskin tumor - photodynamic therapy - brachytherapy - locoregional therapy
Literatur
1
Berr F.
Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma.
Semin Liver Dis.
2004;
24
177-187
2
Berr F, Wiedmann M, Tannapfel A, Halm U, Kohlhaw K R, Schmidt F, Wittekind C, Hauss J, Mossner J.
Photodynamic therapy for advanced bile duct cancer: evidence for improved palliation and extended survival.
Hepatology.
2000;
31
291-298
3
Chen Y, Wang X L, Yan Z P, Cheng J M, Wang J H, Gong G Q, Qian S, Luo J J, Liu Q X.
HDR-192Ir intraluminal brachytherapy in treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice.
World J Gastroenterol.
2004;
10
3506-3510
4
Curnow A, McIlroy B W, Postle-Hacon M J, MacRobert A J, Bown S G.
Light dose fractionation to enhance photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid in the normal rat colon.
Photochem Photobiol.
1999;
69
71-76
5
de Groen P C, Gores G J, LaRusso N F, Gunderson L L, Nagorney D M.
Biliary tract cancers.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
341
1368-1378
6
Dumoulin F L, Gerhardt T, Fuchs S, Scheurlen C, Neubrand M, Layer G, Sauerbruch T.
Phase II study of photodynamic therapy and metal stent as palliative treatment for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2003;
57
860-867
7
Gonzalez Gonzalez D, Gouma D J, Rauws E A, van Gulik T M, Bosma A, Koedooder C.
Role of radiotherapy, in particular intraluminal brachytherapy, in the treatment of proximal bile duct carcinoma.
Ann Oncol.
1999;
10 (Suppl 4)
215-220
8
Hassoun Z, Gores G J, Rosen C B.
Preliminary experience with liver transplantation in selected patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Surg Oncol Clin N Am.
2002;
11
909-921
9
Hsi R A, Rosenthal D I, Glatstein E.
Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of cancer: current state of the art.
Drugs.
1999;
57
725-734
10
Kamada T, Saitou H, Takamura A, Nojima T, Okushiba S I.
The role of radiotherapy in the management of extrahepatic bile duct cancer: an analysis of 145 consecutive patients treated with intraluminal and/or external beam radiotherapy.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
1996;
34
767-774
11
Khan S A, Thomas H C, Davidson B R, Taylor-Robinson S D.
Cholangiocarcinoma.
Lancet.
2005;
366
1303-1314
12
Maier A, Anegg U, Fell B, Rehak P, Ratzenhofer B, Tomaselli F, Sankin O, Pinter H, Smolle-Juttner F M, Friehs G B.
Hyperbaric oxygen and photodynamic therapy in the treatment of advanced carcinoma of the cardia and the esophagus.
Lasers Surg Med.
2000;
26
308-315
13
McCaughan J S, Mertens B F, Cho C, Barabash R D, Payton H W.
Photodynamic therapy to treat tumors of the extrahepatic biliary ducts. A case report.
Arch Surg.
1991;
126
111-113
14
Messmann H, Szeimies R M, Baumler W, Knuchel R, Zirngibl H, Scholmerich J, Holstege A.
Enhanced effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with laser light fractionation in patients with esophageal cancer.
Endoscopy.
1997;
29
275-280
15
Moan J, Berg K.
The photodegradation of porphyrins in cells can be used to estimate the lifetime of singlet oxygen.
Photochem Photobiol.
1991;
53
549-553
16
Nomura M, Yamakado K, Nomoto Y, Nakatsuka A, Ii N, Shoji K, Takeda K.
Clinical efficacy of brachytherapy combined with external-beam radiotherapy and repeated arterial infusion chemotherapy in patients with unresectable extrahepatic bile duct cancer.
Int J Oncol.
2002;
20
325-331
17
Ortner M A, Liebetruth J, Schreiber S, Hanft M, Wruck U, Fusco V, Muller J M, Hortnagl H, Lochs H.
Photodynamic therapy of nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma.
Gastroenterology.
1998;
114
536-542
18
Ortner M E, Caca K, Berr F, Liebetruth J, Mansmann U, Huster D, Voderholzer W, Schachschal G, Mossner J, Lochs H.
Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study.
Gastroenterology.
2003;
125
1355-1363
19
Pahernik S A, Dellian M, Berr F, Tannapfel A, Wittekind C, Goetz A E.
Distribution and pharmacokinetics of Photofrin in human bile duct cancer.
J Photochem Photobiol B.
1998;
47
58-62
20
Rea D J, Heimbach J K, Rosen C B, Haddock M G, Alberts S R, Kremers W K, Gores G J, Nagorney D M.
Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Ann Surg.
2005;
242
451-458
, discussion 458-461
21
Rumalla A, Baron T H, Wang K K, Gores G J, Stadheim L M, de Groen P C.
Endoscopic application of photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma.
Gastrointest Endosc.
2001;
53
500-504
22
Schmidt B F.
[Indications for radiotherapy and chemotherapy after complete resection in rhabdomyosarcoma. A report from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Studies I to III].
Strahlenther Onkol.
2000;
176
582-583
23
Shim C S, Cheon Y K, Cha S W, Bhandari S, Moon J H, Cho Y D, Kim Y S, Lee L S, Lee M S, Kim B S.
Prospective study of the effectiveness of percutaneous transhepatic photodynamic therapy for advanced bile duct cancer and the role of intraductal ultrasonography in response assessment.
Endoscopy.
2005;
37
425-433
24
Shin H S, Seong J, Kim W C, Lee H S, Moon S R, Lee I J, Lee K K, Park K R, Suh C O, Kim G E.
Combination of external beam irradiation and high-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy for inoperable carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
2003;
57
105-112
25
Sudan D, DeRoover A, Chinnakotla S, Fox I, Shaw Jr B, McCashland T, Sorrell M, Tempero M, Langnas A.
Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Am J Transplant.
2002;
2
774-779
26
Takamura A, Saito H, Kamada T, Hiramatsu K, Takeuchi S, Hasegawa M, Miyamoto N.
Intraluminal low-dose-rate 192 Ir brachytherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy and biliary stenting for unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.
2003;
57
1357-1365
27
Zoepf T, Jakobs R, Arnold J C, Apel D, Riemann J F.
Palliation of nonresectable bile duct cancer: improved survival after photodynamic therapy.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2005;
100
2426-2430
Prof. Dr. med. F. L. Dumoulin
II. Medizinische Klinik · Gastroenterologie und Onkologie · St. Agnes Hospital Bocholt
Barloer Weg 125
46397 Bocholt
Telefon: 0 28 71/20 29 50
Fax: 0 28 71/20 29 53
eMail: f.dumoulin@st-agnes-bocholt.de
URL: http://www.st-agnes-bocholt.de