Kernaussagen
Eine verspätete Diagnosestellung sowie eine verspätete und falsche Antibiotikatherapie vermindern die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit des Patienten. Andererseits begünstigt eine antibiotische Übertherapie die Resistenzentwicklung gegen die wichtigsten Antibiotika.
Eine breite, hochdosierte, empirische Therapie muss daher bei schwerer Sepsis und septischem Schock unmittelbar nach Diagnosestellung ohne Erregernachweis durchgeführt werden. Die Antibiotikaauswahl sollte sich an der lokalen Resistenzsituation orientieren. Nach Erhalt der mikrobiologischen Ergebnisse kann die Therapie angepasst werden.
Die Therapiedauer richtet sich nach der Art der Infektion, den nachgewiesenen Erregern und dem klinischen Ansprechen des Patienten auf die Therapie. Sie orientiert sich am klinischen Erfolg und sollte so kurz wie möglich gehalten werden.
Literatur
-
1
Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C. et al. .
Systemic inflammatory response and progression to severe sepsis in critically ill infected patients.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;
171
461-468
-
2
Angus D C, Linde-Zwirble W T, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky M R.
Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States; analysis of incidence, outcome and associated cost of care.
Crit Care Med.
2001;
29
1303-1310
-
3
Brun-Buisson C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Girou E, Grennier-Sennelier E, Durand-Saleski I.
The cost of sepsissyndromes in the intensive care unit and influence of hospital acquired sepsis.
Intensive Care Med.
2003;
29
1464-1471
-
4
Dellinger R P, Carlet J M, Masur H. et al .
Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock.
Intensive Care Med.
2004;
30
536-555
-
5
Martin G S, Mannino D M, Eaton S, Moss M.
The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000.
N Engl J Med.
2003;
348
1546-1554
-
6
Engel C, Brunkhorst F M, Bone H G. et al .
Epidemiology of sepsis in Germany; results from a national prospective multicenter study.
Intensive Care Med.
2007;
33
606-618
-
7
Osmon S, Warren D, Seiler S M, Shannon W, Fraser V J, Kollef M H.
The influence of infection on hospital mortality for patients requiring > 48 h of intensive care.
Chest.
2003;
124
1021-1029
-
8
Namias N, Samiian L, Nino D. et al .
Incidence and susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria vary between intensive care units within a single hospital; implications for empiric antibiotic strategies.
J Trauma.
2000;
49
638-645
-
9
Meyer E, Schwab F, Jonas D, Rhüden H, Gastmeier P, Daschner F D.
Temporal changes in bacterial resistance in German intensive care units, 2001-2003; data from the SARI (surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units) project.
J Hosp Infect.
2005;
60
348-352
-
10
Loo V G, Poirier L, Miller M A. et al .
A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality.
N Engl J Med.
2005;
353
2442-2449
-
11
Bartlett J G.
Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
N Engl J Med.
2002;
346
334-339
-
12
Valles J, Rello J, Ochagavia A, Garnacho J, Alcala M A.
Community-acquired bloodstream infection in critically ill adult patients; impact of shock and inappropriate antibiotic therapy on survival.
Chest.
2003;
123
1615-1624
-
13
Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood K E. et al .
Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock.
Crit Care Med.
2006;
34
1589-1596
-
14
Alberti C, Brun-Buisson C, Burchardi H. et al .
Epidemiology of sepsis and infection in ICU patients from an international multicentre cohort study.
Intensive Care Med.
2002;
28
108-121
-
15
Paul M, Benuri-Silbiger I, Soares-Weiser K, Leibovici L.
Beta lactam monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside combination therapy for sepsis in immunocompetent patients - systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.
BMJ.
2004;
328
668
-
16
Safdar N, Handelsman J, Maki D G.
Does combination antimicrobial therapy reduce mortality in Gram-negative bacteraemia? A meta-analysis.
Lancet Infect Dis.
2004;
4
519-527
-
17
Heyland D, Dodek P, Muscedere J. et al. .
A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia.
New Engl J Med.
2006;
355
2619-2630
-
18
Burkhardt O, Derendorf H, Welte T.
Neue Antibiotika für die Behandlung von MRSA-Infektionen.
Med Monatsschr Pharm.
2006;
29
56-62
-
19
Rello J, Sole-Violan J, Sa-Borges M. et al .
Pneumonia caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus treated with glycopeptides.
Crit Care Med.
2005;
33
1983-1987
-
20
Silverman J A, Mortin L I, Vanpraagh A D, Li T, Alder J.
Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary surfactant; in vitro modeling and clinical impact.
J Infect Dis.
2005;
191
2149-2152
-
21
Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon J Y. et al .
Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults; a randomized trial.
JAMA.
2003;
290
2588-2598
-
22
Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R. et al .
Procalcitonin Guidance of Antibiotic Therapy in Community-acquired Pneumonia; A Randomized Trial.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2006;
174
84-93
-
23
Neuhauser M M, Weinstein R A, Rydman R, Danziger L H, Karam G, Quinn J P.
Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacilli in US intensive care units; implications for fluoroquinolone use.
JAMA.
2003;
289
885-888
-
24
Gruson D, Hilbert G, Vargas F. et al .
Strategy of antibiotic rotation - long-term effect on incidence and susceptibilities of Gram-negative bacilli responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Crit Care Med.
2003;
31
1908-1914
-
25
van Loon H J, Vriens M R, Fluit A C, Troelstra A, van der Werken C, Verhoef J, Bonten M J.
Antibiotic rotation and development of gram-negative antibiotic resistance.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;
171
480-487
-
26
American Thoracic Society .
Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2005;
171
388-416
1 Mit Unterstützung des Kompetenznetzwerkes Sepsis (SepNet), gefördert vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Förderkennzeichen 01 KI 0106
Dr. med. Frank Martin Brunkhorst
Klinik für Anaesthesiologie und Intensivtherapie
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
Erlanger Allee 101
07747 Jena
Telefon: 03641/9323383
eMail: Frank.Brunkhorst@med.uni-jena.de