Literatur
-
1
Robert Koch Institut .
HIV-Infektionen und AIDS-Erkrankungen in Deutschland (Stand 01.03.2007).
Epidemiol Bull.
Sonderausgabe2007;
A
1-16
-
2
Ferrer E, Podzamczer D.
Management of opportunistic infections in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS Rev.
2000;
2
252-262
-
3
Brodt H, Kamps B, Gute P. et al .
Changing incidence of AIDS-defining illnesses in the era of antiretroviral combination therapy.
AIDS.
1997;
11
17 318
-
4
Wallace J M, Hansen N I, Lavange L. et al .
The Pulmonary Complications of HIV-Infection Study Group.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1997;
XI55
72-80
-
5
Mayaud C, Cadranel J.
AIDS and the lung in a changing world.
Thorax.
2001;
56
423-426
-
6
Shelburne S A, Visnegarwala F, Darcourt J. et al .
Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS.
2005;
19
399-406
-
7
Foudraine N A, Hovenkamp E, Notermans D W. et al .
Immunopathology as a result of HAART in HIV-1-infected patients.
AIDS.
1999;
13
177-184
-
8
Park W B, Choe P G, Jo J H. et al .
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the first year after HAART: influence on long-term clinical outcome.
AIDS.
2006;
20
2390-2392
-
9
Osmond D, Chin D, Glassroth J. et al .
Impact of bacterial pneumonia and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on human immunodeficiency virus disease progression.
Clin Infect Dis.
1999;
29
536-543
-
10
Lazarous D G, O’donnell A E.
Pulmonary Infections in the HIV-infected Patient in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: An Update.
.
2007;
9
228-232
-
11
Feldman C, Glatthaar M, Morar R. et al .
Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia in HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Adults.
Chest.
1999;
116
107-114
-
12
Cordero E, Pachon J, Rivero A. et al .
Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: validation of severity critera.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2000;
162
2063-2068
-
13
Caiffa W T, Graham N MH, Vlahov D.
Bacterial pneumonia in adult populations with Human Immundeficiency Virus infection.
Am J Epidemiol.
1993;
138
909-922
-
14
Dalhoff K, Ewig S, Höffken G. et al .
Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Prävention von Pneumonien bei erworbenem Immundefizit.
Pneumologie.
2002;
56
807-831
-
15
Cadranel J, Gillet-Juvin K, Antoine M. et al .
Site-directed bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy in HIV-infected patients with pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1995;
152
1103-1106
-
16
Höffken G, Lorenz J, Kern W. et al .
S3-guideline on ambulant acquired pneumonia and deep airway infections.
Pneumologie.
2005;
59
612-664
-
17
Stringer J R, Beard C B, Miller R F. et al .
A new name (Pneumocystis jiroveci) for Pneumocystis from humans.
Emerg Infect Dis.
2002;
8
891-896
-
18
Wakefield A E, Lindley A R, Ambrose H E. et al .
Limited asymptomatic carriage of pneumocystis jiroveci in HIV-infected patients.
J Infect Dis.
2003;
187
901-908
-
19
Maskell N A, Waine D J, Lindley A. et al .
Asymptomatic carriage of Pneumocystis jiroveci in subjects undergoing bronchoscopy: a prospective study.
Thorax.
2003;
58
594-597
-
20
Wohl A R, Simon P, Hu Y W. et al .
The role of person-to-person transmission in an epidemiologic study of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AIDS.
2002;
16
1821-1825
-
21
Thomas Jr C F, Limper A H.
Pneumocystis pneumonia.
NEJM.
2004;
350
2487-2498
-
22
Metersky M L, Colt H G, Olson L K. et al .
AIDS-Related spontaneous pneumothorax, risk factors and treatment.
Chest.
1995;
108
946-951
-
23
Turner D, Schwarzt Y, Yust I.
Induced sputum for diagnosing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-patients: new data, new issues.
Eur Respir J.
2003;
21
204-208
-
24
Baughmann R P, Dohn M, Frame P.
The Continuing Utility of Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Diagnose Opportunistic Infection in AIDS-Patients.
Am J Med.
1994;
97
515-525
-
25
Huang L, Morris A, Limper A H. et al .
ATS Pneumocystis Workshop Participants. An Official ATS Workshop Summary: Recent advances and future directions in pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).
Proc Am Thorac Soc.
2006;
4
655-664
-
26
Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, Kobayashi S. et al .
Serum indicators for the diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia.
Chest.
2007;
131
1173-1180
-
27
Benson C A, Kaplan J E, Masur H. et al .
Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children: recommendations from CDC, the NIH, and the IDSA.
MMWR Recomm Rep.
204;
53
1-112
-
28
Safrin S, Lee B L, Sande M A.
Adjunctive folinic acid with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS-patients is associated with an increased risk of therapeutic failure and death.
J Infect Dis.
1994;
170
912-917
-
29
Conte J E, Chernoff D, Feigal D W. et al .
Inhaled pentamidine for treating pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS.
Ann Intern Med.
1990;
113
203-209
-
30
Medina I, Mills J, Leoung G. et al .
Oral therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the acquired immonodeficiency syndrome.
N Engl Med.
1990;
323
776-782
-
31
Briel M, Bucher H C, Boscacci R. et al .
Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV-infection.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2006;
19
3
-
32
Morris A, Wachter R M, Luce J. et al .
Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
AIDS.
2003;
17
73-80
-
33
Wislez M, Bergot E, Antoine M. et al .
Acute respiratory failure following HAART introduction in patients treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2001;
164
847-851
-
34
Bozette S A, Finkelstein D M, Spector S A.
A randomized trial of three antipneumocystis agents in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.
N Engl J Med.
1995;
332
693-699
-
35 Hill H E, Wallace M, Kennedy C. Prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with dapsone; an evaluation of toxicity and cross-reactivity with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Amsterdam: International Conference on AIDS 1992: p. PoB. 3304-3304
-
36
Bucher H C, Griffith L, Guyatt G H. et al .
Meta-analyses of prophylactic treatments against PCP and toxoplasma.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol.
1997;
15
104-114
-
37
Helweg-Larsen J, Benfield T L, Eugen-Olsen J. et al .
Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated PCP.
Lancet.
1999;
354
1347-1351
-
38
Kazanjian P, Armstrong W, Hossler P A. et al .
Pneumocystis carinii mutations are associated with duration of sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis exposure in AIDS patients.
J Infect Dis.
2000;
182
551-557
-
39
Nahimana A, Rabodonirina M, Bille J. et al .
Mutations of Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydrofolate reductase associated with failure of prophylaxis.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
2004;
48
4301-4305
-
40
Stein C R, Poole C, Kazanjian P. et al .
Sulfa use, dihydropteroate synthase mutations, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.
Emerg Infect Dis.
2004;
10
1760-1765
-
41
Crothers K, Beard C B, Turner J. et al .
Severity and outcome of HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia containing Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations.
AIDS.
2005;
19
801-805
-
42
Beard C B, Roux P, Nevez G. et al .
Strain typing methods and molecular epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Emerg Infect Dis.
2004;
10
1729-1735
-
43
Ackah A N, Coulibaly D, Digbeu H. et al .
Response to treatment, mortality, and CD4-lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis in Adidjan, Cote d’lvoire.
Lancet.
1995;
345
607-610
-
44
Wood R, Maartens G, Lombard C.
Risk factors for developing tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected adults from communities with a low or very high incidence of tuberculosis.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2000;
23
75-80
-
45
Gandhi N R, Moll A, Sturm A W. et al .
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa.
Lancet.
2006;
368
1575-1580
-
46
Dye C, Espinal M A, Watt C J. et al .
Worldwide incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
J Infect Dis.
2002;
185
1197-1202
-
47 UNAIDS 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic .Executive summary. UNAIDS/6.20E http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV data/2006GlobaldReport/default.asp
-
48
Toossi Z.
Virological and immunological impact of tuberculosis on human immunodeficiency virus type-1-disease.
J Infect Dis.
2003;
188
1146-1155
-
49
Mayanja-Kizza H, Wajja A, Wu M. et al .
Activaton of beta-chemokines and CCR5 in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and tuberculosis.
J Infect Dis.
2001;
183
1801-1804
-
50
Whalen C, Horsburgh Jr C R, Hom D. et al .
Site of disease and opportunistic infection predict survial in HIV-associated tuberculosis.
Aids.
1997;
11
455-460
-
51
Ferrara G, Losi M, DÁmico R. et al .
Use in routine clinical practice of two commercial blood tests for diagnosis of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a prospective study.
Lancet.
2006;
367
1328-1334
-
52
Perlman D C, el-Sadr W M, Nelson E T. et al .
Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA). The AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG).
Clin Infect Dis.
1997;
25
242-246
-
53
Narayanswami K, Salzman S H.
Bronchoscopy in the human immunodeficiency virusinfected patient.
Semin Respir Infect.
2003;
18
80-86
-
54
Chaisson R E, Clermont H C, Holt E A. et al .
Six-month supervised intermittent tuberculosis therapy in Haitain patients with and without HIV-infection.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1996;
154
1034-1038
-
55
Hung C C, Chen M Y, Hsiao C F. et al .
Improved outcomes of HIV-1-infected abdults with tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS.
2003;
17
2615-2622
-
56
Burman W J, Jones B E.
Treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2001;
164
7-12
-
57
Breton G, Duval X, Estellat C. et al .
Determinants of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV type 1-infected patients with tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy.
Clin Infect Dis.
2004;
39
1709-1712
-
58
Lawn S D, Bekker L G, Miller R F.
Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals.
Lancet Infect Dis.
2005;
5
361-373
-
59
Michailidis C, Pozniak A L, Mandalia S. et al .
Clinical characteristics of IRIS syndrome in patients with HIV and tuberculosis.
Antivir Ther.
2005;
10
417-422
-
60
Breen R A, Smith C J, Cropley I. et al .
Does immune reconstitution syndrome promote active tuberculosis in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy?.
AIDS.
2005;
19
1201-1206
-
61
CDC .
Updated Guideline for the Use of Rifamycins for the Treatment of Tuberculosis Amont HIV-Infected Patients Taking Protease Inhibitors or Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.
MMWR weekly.
2004;
53
37
-
62
CDC .
Treatment of tuberculosis.
MMWR Recomm Rep.
2003;
52
1-77
-
63
Dean G L, Edwards S G, Ives N J. et al .
Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons in the era of highly actice antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS.
2002;
16
75-83
-
64
ATS/COC .
Update: adverse event data and revised American Thoracic Society/CDC recommendations against the use of rifampin and pyrazinamide of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection-United States, 2003.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.
2003;
52
735-739
-
65
Lange C G, Wooley I J, Brodth R H.
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection in the era of effective antiretoviral therapy.
Drugs.
2004;
64
679-693
-
66
Jones D, Havlir D V.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in the HIV-infected patient.
Clin Chest Med.
2002;
23
665-674
-
67
Waxmann A, Goldie S, Brett-Smith H. et al .
Cytomegalovirus as a primary pulmonary pathogen in AIDS.
Chest.
1997;
111
128-134
-
68
Mylonakis E, Barlam T F, Flanigan T. et al .
Pulmonary aspergillosis and invasive disease in AIDS.
Chest.
1998;
114
251-262
-
69
Saag M S, Graybill R J, Larsen R A. et al .
Practice guideline for the management of cryptococcal disease.
Clin Infect Dis.
2000;
30
710-718
-
70
Stansell J D.
Fungal disease in HIV infected persons. Cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidioidomycosis.
J Thorac Imaging.
1991;
6
28-35
-
71
Poirier C, Inhaber N, Lalonde R. et al .
Prevalence of Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness Among HIV-Infected Men.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2001;
164
542-545
-
72
Diaz P, King M, Pacht E. et al .
Increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema among HIV-seropositive smokers.
Ann Intern Med.
2000;
132
369-372
-
73
Yearsley M M, Diaz P T, Knoell D. et al .
Correlation of HIV-1 detection and histology in AIDS-associated emphysema.
Diagn Mol Pathol.
2005;
14
48-52
-
74
Hessol N A, Seaberg E C, Preston-Martin S. et al .
Cancer risk among participants in the women’s interagency HIV study.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
2004;
36
978-985
-
75
Kirk G D, Merlo C, O’Driscoll P. et al .
HIV infection is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer, independent of smoking.
Clin Infect Dis.
2007;
45
103-110
-
76
Bower M, Powles T, Nelson M. et al .
HIV-related lung cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.
AIDS.
2003;
17
371-375
-
77
White D A.
Pulmonary complications of HIV-associated malignancies.
Clin Chest Med.
1996;
17
755-761
-
78
Karp J, Profeta G, Marantz P. et al .
Lung cancer in patients with immunodeficiency syndrome.
Chest.
1993;
103
410-413
-
79
Powles T, Thirwell C, Newsom-Davis T. et al .
HIV adversely influence the outcome in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in the era of HAART?.
Br J Cancer.
2003;
89
457-459
-
80
Hoffmann C, Wolf E, Fatkenheuer G. et al .
Response to highly active antiretroviral therapy strongly predicts outcome in patients with AIDS-related lymphoma.
AIDS.
2003;
17
1521-1529
Priv. Doz. Dr. med. Bernhard Schaaf
Medizinische Klinik III, Universitätsklinik Schleswig Holstein Campus Lübeck
Ratzeburger Allee 160
23538 Lübeck
Email: schaaf@uni-luebeck.de