Evaluation of Polyphenol Composition in Red Leaves from Different Varieties of Vitis vinifera

Abstract

In order to evaluate sustainable sources of high-quality pharmaceutical starting material, a comparative study of 135 samples of red vine leaves of different origin was conducted to determine flavonol, anthocyanin and polyphenol contents. Total flavonol content was found to be between 0.6 % and 3.5 %, anthocyanin content between 0.2 % and 1.45 % and polyphenol content between 4.6 % and 18.9 %. The results are discussed in view of published data on red vine leaf components. In order to define the optimum timeframe for collecting leaves without damaging their grape-bearing vines the ontogenetic development of red vine leaves constituents was studied. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods used for determining anthocyanins and flavonols in red vine leaves were validated and findings were compared to results produced by assays described in the French Pharmacopoeia. Whereas the correlation between conventional photometric and HPLC methods was satisfactory for anthocyanins, the correlation between the pharmacopoeia assay for total polyphenols and the HPLC analysis for flavonols was poor. As flavonol compounds are considered relevant for the vasoprotective effect of red vine leaves, their content in starting material used in the production of herbal medicines needs to be quantified.

Key words

Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera - Vitaceae - red vine leaves - provenances - ontogenetic development - quantitative comparison - polyphenols

References

• 1 Kiesewetter H, Koscielny J, Kalus U, Vix J, Peil H, Petrini O. et al . Efficacy of orally administered extract of red vine leaf AS 195 in chronic venous insuffiency (stages I - II).  Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;  50 109-17
• 2 Kalus U, Koscielny J, Grigorov A, Schaefer E, Peil H, Kiesewetter H. Improvement of cutaneous microcirculation and oxygen supply in patients with chronic venous insufficiency by orally administered extract of red vine leaves AS 195: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.  Drugs R D. 2004;  5 63-71
• 3 Nees S, Weiss D R, Reichenbach-Klinke E, Rampp F, Heilmeier B, Kanbach J. et al . Protective effects of flavonoids contained in the red vine leaf on venular endothelium against the attack of activated blood components in vitro.  Arzneimittelforschung. 2003;  53 330-41
• 4 Pharmacopée francaise (PF10), 10ème édition. Paris; Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé. Jan 1996 Monograph VIGNE ROUGE
• 5 Boucheny A, Brum-Bousquet M. Contribution a l’etude de la feuille de vigne rouge (Vitis vinifera L.).  Plantes Medicinales et Phytothérapie. 1990;  24 179-92
• 6 Diaz Lanza A, Elias R, Maillard C, Faure R, De Sotto M, Balansard G. Mise au point sur les dérivés flanoviques des feuilles de trois cultivars de vigne Vitis vinifera L. var. tinctoria (Alicante, Carignan, Grand noir). Intérêt dans le contrôle chimique.  Ann Pharm Fr. 1989;  47 229-34
• 7 Hmamouchi M, Es-Safi N, Lahrichi M, Fruchier A, Essassi E. Flavones and flavonols in leaves of some Moroccan Vitis vinifera cultivars.  Am J Enol Vitic. 1996;  47 186-92
• 8 Pleyer D S. Phytochemische und pharmakologische Untersuchung von Folium Vitis viniferae rubrae [dissertation]. Graz; University 1996
• 9 Darné G, Glories Y. Les anthocyanes des feuilles de differentes varietes de Vitis vinifera L. entre la veraison des raisins et la chute des feuilles.  Vitis. 1988;  27 71-8
• 10 Darné G. La composition anthocyanique donnez feuilles vertes, rouges et jaunes de Vitis vinifère L var. Merlot noir à differents stades du cycle annuel.  Connaissance Vigne Vin. 1987;  21 289-94
• 11 Laparra J, Darné G. La feuille de vigne rouge en phytothérapie: étude donne composés anthocyaniques de quelques présentations pharmaceutiques.  Plantes Méd Phytothér. 1989;  23 129-35
• 12 Hmamouchi M, Es-Safi N, Essassi E. Oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins from Moroccan grapewine (Vitis vinifera) leaves.  Fitoterapia. 1997;  68 332-7
• 13 Weber B, Hoesch L, Rast D M. Portocatechualdehyde and other phenols as cell wall components of grapevine leaves.  Phytochemistry. 1995;  40 433-7
• 14 Bourzeix M, Weyland D, Heredia N. Etude des catechines et des procyanidols de la grappe de raisin, du vin et d’autres derives de la vigne.  Bull de l’O.I.V.. 1986;  669 - 670 1171
• 15 Kolb C A, Kaser M A, Kopecky J, Zotz G, Riederer M, Pfundel E E. Effects of natural intensities of visible and ultraviolet radiation on epidermal ultraviolet screening and photosynthesis in grape leaves.  Plant Physiol. 2001;  127 863-75
• 16 Guidoni S, Mannini F, Ferrandino A, Argamante N, Di Stefano R. The effect of grapevine leafroll and rugose wood sanitation on agronomic performance and berry and leaf phenolic content of a Nebbiolo clone (Vitis vinifera L.).  Am J Enol Vitic. 1997;  48 438-42
• 17 Bogs J, Downey M O, Harvey J S, Ashton A R, Tanner G J, Robinson S P. Proanthocyanidin synthesis and expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase in developing grape berries and grapevine leaves.  Plant Physiol. 2005;  139 652-63
• 18 Holbach B, Marx R, Ackermann M. Bestimmung der Anthocyanzusammensetzung von Rotweinen mittels Hochdruckflüssigchromatographie (HPLC).  Lebensmittelchemie. 1997;  51 78-80
• 19 Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. Vitis vinifera L.  Fitotherapia. 1995;  4 291-317
• 20 Wu X, Cao G, Prior R L. Absorption and metabolism of anthocyanins in elderly women after consumption of elderberry or blueberry.  J Nutr. 2002;  132 1865-71
• 21 Cappelini C. Analisi quali-quantitativa di alcune procianidine e dell’acido gallico in un estratto di semi di Vitis vinifera L. mediante TLC e HPLC [dissertation]. Milan; University 1997
• 22 Williamson M C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II Review of 93 intervention studies.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;  1 243S-55S
• 23 Mataix J J, Revilla E, Carpena Y O. Evolucion de flavonoides en hoja de vid, cv Airén durante la frutificacion.  Anal Edafol Agrobiol. 1983;  42 1705-9