Zusammenfassung
Die Hälfte der Patienten mit leichter kognitiver Beeinträchtigung (engl.: mild cognitive impairment, MCI) entwickelt innerhalb von 4 Jahren eine Demenz. Anhand einer systematischen Literaturübersicht untersuchten wir jene zusätzlichen klinischen Merkmale (MCI-plus) der Patienten mit MCI, die auf einen ungünstigen Verlauf hinweisen.
Als wichtige Prädiktoren einer raschen Progression sind anzusehen: hohes Lebensalter, bisher rasche Verschlechterung, die Ausprägung der kognitiven Defizite und die Anzahl der betroffenen kognitiven Leistungen, somatische Komorbidität, vaskuläre und Alzheimer-typische Hirnveränderungen oder Liquorbefunde sowie Apolipoprotein E4. Viele Patienten mit MCI leiden zusätzlich unter erheblicher Angst, Depression und Apathie oder einer subtilen, aber subjektiv relevanten Beeinträchtigung komplexer Alltagsleistungen. In dieser Phase kann der weitere Verlauf ggf. noch durch prophylaktische und rehabilitative Massnahmen günstig beeinflusst werden.
Liegen bei MCI zusätzliche Indikatoren eines ungünstigen Verlaufs vor (MCI-plus), so können diese Hinweise vielfach genutzt werden, um frühzeitig medizinische und psychosoziale Interventionen einzuleiten.
Summary
Half the patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) will develop dementia over a four-year period. The scientific literature was searched and analysed for predictors of rapid decline (MCI-plus) in patients with MCI.
The most important predictors of fast cognitive deterioration were found to be: old age, previous rapid decline, severity and multiplicity of cognitive deficits, somatic co-morbidity, vascular and Alzheimer-type changes in the brain, Alzheimer-type cerebrospinal fluid findings and apolipoprotein E4 polymorphism. Many patients with MCI suffer from anxiety, depression or apathy and subtle, but subjectively significant, difficulties in the activities of daily living.
It is concluded that MCI-plus offers a window for medical and psychological prophylaxis and rehabilitation.
Schlüsselwörter
leichte kognitive Beeinträchtigung - MCI-plus - Demenz - Morbus Alzheimer - Neuropsychologie - Progression - Prophylaxe - Antidementiva
Key words
mild cognitive impairment - MCI-plus - Alzheimer’s dementia - neuropsychology - progression - prophylaxis - rehabilitation - anti-dementia treatment
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(in press);
Prof. Dr. Hans Förstl
Klinik & Poliklinik für Psychiatrie & Psychotherapie, TU München, Klinikum rechts der Isar
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