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DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1046775
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Raumluftqualität in Schulen - Belastung von Klassenräumen mit Kohlendioxid (CO2), flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC), Aldehyden, Endotoxinen und Katzenallergenen
Air Quality in Schools - Classroom Levels of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Aldehydes, Endotoxins and Cat AllergenPublication History
Publication Date:
17 March 2008 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Kinder müssen als besonders empfindlich gegenüber Schadstoffen angesehen werden und verbringen einen großen Zeitanteil in Schulen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde von Dezember 2004 bis Juli 2005 die Innenraumluftqualität von 92 Klassenräumen (Winter) bzw. 76 Klassenräumen (Sommer) von Schulen in Süd-Bayern untersucht. Ziel war es, die Innenraumluftqualität durch Messung von Klimaparametern (Temperatur, relative Feuchte), dem Indikator Kohlendioxid (CO2) und leicht flüchtigen organischen Substanzen (VOC, Carbonylverbindungen) zu beschreiben. Darüber hinaus sollten die Katzenallergene (Fel d1) und Endotoxine (LAL-Test) im Fußbodenstaub der Schulräume bestimmt werden. Daten zu den Raum- und Gebäudecharakteristika wurden mit einem Fragebogen erhoben. Die Probenahme erfolgte während der Unterrichtszeit. Die medianen CO2-Innenraumluftgehalte bewegten sich im Winter in einem Bereich von 598 bis 4 172 ppm und im Sommer deutlich niedriger zwischen 480 und 1 875 ppm. Während in der Wintermessperiode die Tagesmediane in 92% der Klassenräume 1 000 ppm überschritten, waren es im Sommer lediglich 28%. Über 1 500 ppm lagen im Winter 60% der Tagesmediane der Klassenräume und in der Sommermessperiode 9%. Es zeigte sich, dass eine größere Zahl an Nutzern, eine kleinere Raumgröße und ein kleineres Raumvolumen signifikant mit der Verschlechterung der Luftqualität im Sinne eines Anstiegs des CO2 einhergeht. Die TVOC-Gehalte (total volatile organic compounds) in den Schulklassen bewegten sich in einem Bereich von 110 bis 1 000 μg/m3 (Median im Winter: 345 μg/m3 und im Sommer 260 μg/m3). Von den Carbonylverbindungen konnten insbesondere Aceton, Formaldehyd und Acetaldehyd mit Gehalten von 14,0 bis 911 μg/m3 bzw. 3,1 bis 46,1 μg/m3 und 2,9 bis 78 μg/m3 in allen Räumen bestimmt werden. Andere Aldehyde waren deutlich seltener nachzuweisen. Die medianen Katzenallergen-Konzentrationen lagen im Winter bei 485 ng/g Staub (20 bis 45 160 ng/g) und im Sommer bei 417 ng/g (40-7 470 ng/g), wobei sich kein statistisch bedeutsamer Unterschied zwischen den Messperioden ergab. Die Allergengehalte waren in beiden Messzeiträumen in Räumen mit Teppichböden signifikant höher als in solchen mit glattem Bodenbelag. Das Raumvolumen, die Raumfläche und Raumklimaparameter stellen keine bedeutsamen Einflussfaktoren dar. Die medianen Endotoxingehalte lagen im Winter mit 19,7 EU/mg Staub (6,6 bis 154 EU/mg) signifikant niedriger als in der Sommermessperiode mit 32,2 EU/mg (9,6 bis 219 EU/mg). Die Gehalte waren nicht abhängig von der Art des Bodenbelags, dem Raumvolumen, der Raumfläche und den bestimmten Raumklimaparametern. Insgesamt weisen die Messergebnisse für die VOC, Aldehyde, Ketone und Endotoxine in bayerischen Klassenräumen, von Einzelfällen abgesehen, auf ein eher niedriges Belastungsniveau hin. Die in Schulinnenräumen beobachteten Katzenallergengehalte sollten unter präventiven Gesichtspunkten als Expositionsmöglichkeit beachtet werden.
Abstract
Children are assumed to be more vulnerable to health hazards and spend a large part of their time in schools. To assess the exposure situation in this microenvironment, we evaluated the indoor air quality in winter 2004/5 in 92 classrooms, and in 75 classrooms in summer 2005 in south Bavaria, Germany. Indoor air climate parameters (temperature, relative humidity), carbon dioxide (CO2) and various volatile organic compounds, aldehydes and ketones were measured. Additionally, cat allergen (Fel d1) and endotoxin (LAL-test) were analysed in the settled dust of school rooms. Data on room and building characteristics were collected by use of a standardised form. Only data collected during teaching hours were considered in analysis. The median indoor CO2 concentration in the classrooms ranged in the winter and summer period from 598 to 4 172 ppm and 480 to 1 875 ppm, respectively. While during the winter period in 92% of the classrooms the CO2 daily medians went above 1 000 ppm, the percentage of classrooms with increased CO2 concentration fell to 28% in summer. In winter, in 60% of classes the daily median CO2 concentration exceeded 1 500 ppm, while in summer this threshold was reached by only 9%. A high concentration of CO2 was associated with a high number of pupils, a low room surface area and a low room volume. The levels of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in classrooms ranged between 110 and 1 000 μg/m3 (median in winter 345 μg/m3, in summer 260 μg/m3). Acetone, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were measured in concentrations from 14.0 to 911 μg/m3, from 3.1 to 46.1 μg/m3, and from 2.9 to 78 μg/m3, respectively. The other aldehydes were detected in minor amounts only. The median Fel d1 level in winter was 485 ng/g dust (20 to 45 160 ng/g) and in summer it was 417 ng/g (40-7 470 ng/g). We observed no marked differences between the two sampling periods and between smooth floors and rooms with carpeted floors. No differences were found according to room surface area and room volume. The median endotoxin contents in winter and summer were 19.7 EU/mg dust (6.6 to 154 EU/mg) and 32.2 EU/mg (9.6 to 219 EU/mg), respectively. The levels varied significantly between the sampling periods, but were independent of room surface area, room volume and surface floorings. Overall the results of VOC, aldehydes, ketones and endotoxin indicate, in general, a low exposure level in classrooms. The observed concentrations of cat allergens should be considered as a meaningful exposure route and thus could be tackled within preventive programs.
Schlüsselwörter
Innenraumluft - Schulen - CO2 - VOC - Aldehyde - Formaldehyd - Endotoxine - Katzenallergene
Key words
indoor air - schools - CO2 - VOC - aldehydes - formaldehyde - endotoxin - cat allergen
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Korrespondenzadresse
H. Fromme
Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit
Sachgebiet Umweltmedizin
Veterinärstrasse 2
85764 Oberschleißheim
Email: hermann.fromme@lgl.bayern.de