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DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1077227
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Neues zu Pathogenese, Diagnostik und Therapie der Neuromyelitis optica
Recent findings in pathogenesis, diagnostic and therapy of neuromyelitis opticaPublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 12.12.2007
akzeptiert: 13.3.2008
Publikationsdatum:
16. Mai 2008 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) ist eine in der westlichen Welt seltene und zumeist schwer verlaufende Autoimmunerkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems (ZNS), die sich klinisch an den Sehnerven und dem Rückenmark manifestiert. Zwar war die NMO ursprünglich von Eugène Devic als eigenständige Entität beschrieben worden, jedoch wurde sie lange Zeit als seltene Variante der Multiplen Sklerose (MS) gesehen. Seit Kurzem mehren sich Hinweise, dass es sich bei der NMO um ein gesondertes neuroimmunologisches Krankheitsbild handelt, das sich klinisch, radiologisch, histopathologisch und serologisch von der MS abgrenzen lässt.
Die überarbeiteten Kriterien zur Diagnose der NMO nach Wingerchuk und Kollegen beinhalten Opticusneuritis, akute Myelitis und zwei der drei folgenden Befunde: langstreckige Signalveränderung über mehr als drei Wirbelsegmente im spinalen Kernspintomogramm, eine für die Multiple Sklerose nicht hinreichende zerebrale Magnetresonanz Bildgebung zu Erkrankungsbeginn sowie ein positiver Nachweis von NMO-Antikörpern im Serum. Kürzlich wurde mit dem Wasserkanal Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) ein Zielantigen der NMO-Immunglobuline identifiziert. Mittels eines neuen Radioimmunopräzipitations Assay (RIPA), einer hoch-spezifischen, Untersucher unabhängigen, reproduzierbaren und kostengünstigen Nachweismethode besteht erstmals die Möglichkeit einer frühzeitigen Differenzierung der NMO von der MS in einem großen Patientenkollektiv und damit künftig die zügigere Einleitung wirksamer Therapien der von schwerer Behinderung bedrohten Patienten.
Schlüsselwörter
Neuromyelitis optica - Devic-Syndrom - Aquaporin - NMO-IgG - Multiple Sklerose
Key words
neuromyelitis optica - Devic’s syndrome - Aquaporin - NMO-IgG - Multiple Sclerosis
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Prof. Dr. med. Frauke Zipp
Cecilie-Vogt-Klinik für Neurologie im HELIOS-Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin
Charitéplatz 1
10117 Berlin
Telefon: 030/450-539028
Fax: 030/450-539906
eMail: frauke.zipp@charite.de