Protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor

Ali Al-Shanqeeti; Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg; Erik Berntorp; Frits R. Rosendaal; George J. Broze Jr.

doi:10.1160/TH04-11-0715

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 2005; 93(03): 411-413
DOI: 10.1160/TH04-11-0715

Rapid and Short Communication

Schattauer GmbH

Protein Z and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor

Determinants of levels and risk of venous thrombosis

Authors

Ali Al-Shanqeeti

¹Division of Haematology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg

²The Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

³Thrombosis Research Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Erik Berntorp

⁴The Department for Coagulation Disorders, Malmo University Hospital, Sweden
Frits R. Rosendaal

²The Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

³Thrombosis Research Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
George J. Broze Jr.

¹Division of Haematology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Abstract

Summary

To assess the potential roles of protein Z (PZ) and protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) in venous thrombosis, their plasma levels were measured in 426 individuals with venous thrombosis and 471 control individuals participating in the Leiden Thrombophilia Study. A relationship between the level of PZ or ZPI and venous thrombosis was not detected in the overall case-control study. PZ and ZPI circulate as a complex and their plasma levels are interdependent. Both PZ and ZPI are increased with oral contraceptive use and reduced with oral anticoagulant therapy.

Keywords

Coagulation inhibitors - clinical / epidemiological studies - thrombophilia

Full Text

References

References
1 Sejima H, Hayashi T, Deyashiki Y. et al. Primary structure of vitamin K-dependent human protein Z. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 171: 661-8.
2 Ichinose A. et al. Amino acid sequence of human protein Z, a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 172: 1139-44.
3 Han X, Fiehler R, Broze Jr GJ. Isolation of a protein Z-dependent plasma protease inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 9250-5.
4 Han X, Huang Z-F, Fiehler R. et al. The protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor is a serpin. Biochemistry 1999; 38: 11073-8.
5 Han X, Fiehler R, Broze Jr GJ. Characterization of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor. Blood 2000; 96: 3049-55.
6 Miletich JP, Broze Jr GJ. Human plasma protein Z antigen: range in normal subjects and the effect of warfarin therapy. Blood 1987; 69: 1580-6.
7 Tabatabai A, Fiehler R, Broze Jr GJ. Protein Z circulates in plasma in a complex with protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85: 655-60.
8 Yin Z-F, Huang Z-F, Cui J. et al. Prothrombotic phenotype of protein Z deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 6734-8.
9 Vasse M, Guegan-Massardier E, Borg J-Y. et al. High frequency of protein Z deficiency in patients with ischemic stroke. Lancet 2001; 357: 933-4.
10 Kobelt K, Biasiutti FD, Mattle HP. et al. Protein Z in ischaemic stroke. Br J Haematol 2001; 114: 169-73.
11 Heeb MJ. et al. Low protein Z levels and risk of ischemic stroke: differences by diabetic status and gender. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002; 29: 139-44.
12 Lichy C, Kropp S, Dong-Si T. et al. A common polymorphism of the protein Z gene is associated with protein Z plasma levels and with risk of cerebral ischemia in the young. Stroke 2004; 35: 40-5.
13 Lopaciuk S. et al. Protein Z in young survivors of ischemic stroke. Thromb Haemost 2002; 88: 436
14 McQuillan AM, Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ. et al. Protein Z in ischemic stroke and its etiologic subtypes. Stroke 2003; 34: 2415-9.
15 Santacroce R, Cappucci F, Di Perna P. et al. Protein Z gene polymorphisms are associated with protein Z plasma levels. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 1197-9.
16 Fedi S. et al. Low protein Z plasma levels are independently associated with acute coronary syndromes. Thromb Haemost 2003; 90: 1173-8.
17 Gris J-C, Quere I, Dechaud H. et al. High frequency of protein Z deficiency in patients with unexplained early fetal loss. Blood 2002; 99: 2606-8.
18 Steffano B, Forastiero R. et al. Low plasma protein Z levels in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2001; 12: 411-2.
19 McColl MD, Deans A, Maclean P. et al. Plasma protein Z deficiency is common in women with antiphospholipid antibodies. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 907-15.
20 Forastiero RR, Matinuzzo ME. et al. Autoimmune antiphospholipid antibodies impair the inhibition of activated factor X by protein Z/protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 1764-70.
21 Rice I G, Futers TS, Grant PJ. Identification of novel polymorphisms within the protein Z gene, haplotype distribution and linkage analysis. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85: 1123-4.
22 van der Meer FJM, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP. et al. The Leiden Thrombophilia Study (LETS). Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 631-5.
23 Jerkeman A. et al. Correlation between different intensities of anti-vitamin K treatment and coagulation parameters. Thromb Res 2000; 98: 467-71.
24 Kemkes-Matthes B. et al. Protein Z influences the prothrombotic phenotype of factor V Leiden in humans. Thromb Res 2002; 106: 183-5.
25 Cui J, Eitzman DT, Westrick RJ. et al. Spontaneous thrombosis in mice carrying the factor V Leiden mutation. Blood 2000; 96: 4222-6.