Introduction
The presence of rhinorrhea is a manifestation of the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), due to the presence of an abnormal communication between the subarachnoid space, the middle ear, and the nasal cavity. Approximately 70% of CSF leaks are corrected spontaneously without the need for surgical intervention. Even so, patients who report this symptom remain at risk of recurrent rhinorrhea, pneumocephalus, and meningitis.[[1]] The mainstay of surgical treatment is the correct locating of the defect.[[2]]
Rhinorrhea can also occur in abnormal communications, due to posterior fossa and middle fossa approaches; these defects are called paradoxical CSF leaks.[[3]],[[4]]
We describe a case report of paradoxical CSF rhinorrhea as a consequence of a retrosigmoid approach.
Case Report
An eighty-three-year-old female patient presented with a history of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and trigeminal neuralgia, who underwent trigeminal microvascular decompression by retrosigmoid approach where vascular lobe of the superior left cerebellar artery was found with arachnoid adhesions in the left V3 branch of the trigeminal nerve, with subsequent surgical release. In the postoperative period, remission of craniofacial pain was evidenced; there was no evidence of residual cranial nerves compromise or CSF leaks. Due to favorable clinical evolution, the patient's egress was decided.
Three months after surgery, the patient reconsulted because of clinical symptoms of 1-day global headache, constant 10/10 intensity, multiple emetic episodes, and walking instability. At physical examination, pain with palpation was found at the surgery site, surgical wound without signs of infection, and tremor of intention on both upper limbs, with no other findings on neurological examination. Rhinorrhea was also found.
Laboratory tests were performed, with evidence of leukocytosis of 18,290 u/l and neutrophilia of 85.1%, with a C reactive protein of 17.8 mg/dl. In addition, cranial computerized axial tomography (CT) showed evidence of postoperative changes from the left retrosigmoid craniectomy, which consisted on the presence of retromastoid collection and pneumocephalus [[Figure 1]].
Figure 1: (a) Presence of air at the level of the cerebellum, and interpeduncular and crural cisternsa and (b) Partial disruption of the posterior mastoid cells with left mastoid occupation, associated with a retrosigmoid bone defect
Due to cranial CT findings, it was decided to perform a lumbar puncture to study meningitis. Purulent CSF sample was obtained, with an opening pressure of 10 cm of water. Samples were taken for culture, and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics – vancomycin, metronidazole, and cefepime – was started. The results of CSF analysis were obtained with positive parameters for infection given by 1076 mg/dl, glucose 81 mg/dl, leukocytes 15,170 cells/ml and multisensitive Streptococcus salivarius isolation in CSF culture; consequently, it was decided to change the antibiotic scheme to ceftriaxone 2 g every 12 h intravenously for 21 days.
Subsequently, due to the persistence of rhinorrhea, the need for a study of CSF leak by means of nuclear magnetic resonance cisternography (MRC) with intrathecal gadolinium injection via lumbar puncture was considered. It confirmed the presence of paradoxical CSF rhinorrhea [[Figure 2]]. Medical treatment was stablished initially with acetazolamide for 7 days combined with lumbar drain for 5 days, even if thought it failed to control CSF leak. Finally, the patient was taken to surgical reintervention for management.
Figure 2: Nuclear magnetic resonance cisternography with intrathecal gadolinium injection through umbar puncture: The left retromastoid continuity solution is seen with the mastoid cavity, which appears occupied by contrast material, extending from the eustachian tube to the nasopharynx, which confirms paradoxical leak
Before the surgical procedure, a new lumbar puncture for CSF study was decided, with no germ isolated in the culture, glucose: 58 mg/dl, proteins: 100 mg/dl, and leukocytes 5 cells/ml.
During the surgical procedure at the opening of mastoid celts, a cyst with CSF in its interior was found in the left retrosigmoid region. Cell sealing was performed using bone wax; dura mater was covered with fat and muscle grafts, in combination with primary anatomic closure of the dural defect, reconstruction with bone cement, and lumbar drainage without complications.
The patient continued with favorable postoperative evolution. It was revalued 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively, asymptomatic, without retromastoid collection and no rhinorrhea.
Discussion
Retrosigmoid approach has been used on the removal of brain tumors, the sectioning of the vestibular nerve, auditory brainstem implantation, and microvascular decompression of nerves in their intracranial trajectory. In these cases, rhinorrhea is a rare complication that can appear as a postoperative complication.[[5]]
The most frequent complications of the retrosigmoid approach are cerebellar trauma, venous sinus injury, cranial nerve involvement, vascular and brainstem involvement, and CSF leaks, which may occur through the surgical wound or may result in rhinorrhea.[[6]]
Other surgeries that can produce this phenomenon are the translabyrinthine and transcochlear approaches, although it is observed more in patients who undergo tumor resections,[[1]] mainly of tumors located in the region of the cerebellopontine angle.[[7]] The retrosigmoid approach may result in the discharge of CSF at the site of incision or through the ipsilateral cavity via the mastoid cells, middle ear, and the eustachian tube.[[5]]
In the previous case report, a retrosigmoid approach was performed to achieve trigeminal microvascular decompression, but it was complicated by rhinorrhea, as described in the literature.
Physiopathologically, rhinorrhea manifest consequently to the presence of a paradoxical leak of CSF, which occurs due to the opening of mastoid or perilabyrinthine cells in a iatrogenic manner, communicating wiht the middle ear, through the vestibular tract or the round window, by the eustachian tube.[[2]],[[6]] This has been described in Mondini dysplasia [[8]] and in the removal of epidermoid cyst located in the cerebellopontine angle region.[[9]]
The presence of an abnormal communication leading to the apparition of rhinorrhea is potentially risk, since it can become a great chance for the development of an ascending infection, which can result in fulminant meningitis.[[10]] The CSF leak increases a 10% risk per year of developing meningitis.[[11]]
According to the Daudia et al.'s study, the overall risk of meningitis in patients with persistent CSF rhinorrhea was 19%, with an annual incidence of 0.3 episodes/year of meningitis, with many of meningitis episodes occurring during the 1st year of leak appearance.[[12]]
The most frequently isolated bacteria in CSF, of patients with meningitis secondary to neurosurgical procedures, trauma, and CSF leak, are reported to be Streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[[13]] Even so, bacterial meningitis caused by S. salivarius is rarely reported in literature.[[14]]
S. salivarius is classified within the group of Gram-positive cocci bacteria, isolated for the first time from samples of the human oral cavity.[[15]] It is a common commensal located in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, oral cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Even when it is considered a microorganism with low virulence, it can cause life-threatening infections, particularly endocarditis.[[14]]
Nowadays, there are several diagnostic methods for the approximation in the study of CSF leak.[[16]] Nuclear magnegtic resonance cisternography (MRC) and computed tomography cisternography (CTC), both procedures performed after intrathecal gadolinium injection through a lumbar puncture, have gained great acceptance for the adecuate localization of the abnormal communnication, and are currently the chosen study in CSF leaks with intermittent low-flow rhinorrhea.[[4]]
MRC with gadolinium injection through lumbar puncture, used as diagnostic allows to identify the temporal bone defect and the exact location of the leak. If the defect is located in the mastoid cells, mastoid antrum, middle ear, or eustachian tube and it communicates with the nasopharynx, as the described case of Thomas et al.'s study,[[2]] it also leads to find defects in the anterior and posterior fossa, with the advantage of having better penetration to fractures and small dural lacerations, with a sensitivity from 85% to 92% and a specificity of 100% for diagnosis. Furthermore, it allows the development of intervention strategies.[[4]]
Intrathecal gadolinium-enhanced MRC is a promising technique that may permit direct sensitive visualization of the site of the leakage,[[10]] Wezel and Leppien presented a case in which CSF leak was detected only by MRC, whereas CT didn't detect CSF leak nor bone defect.[[1]],[[16]]
MRC after the intrathecal administration of gadolinium represents an effective and minimally invasive method for evaluating suspected CSF fistulas along the skull base. It provides multiplanar capabilities without risk of radiation exposure and an excellent approach to depict the anatomy of CSF spaces and CSF fistulas.[[1]]
In the study described by Aydin et al., gadolinium-enhanced MRC demonstrated CSF leaks in 43 of the 51 patients included. The sensitivity of gadolinium-enhanced MRC for localization of CSF leaks was 84%. Forty-four patients underwent surgery to repair dural tears. Surgical findings confirmed the results of gadolinium-enhanced cisternography in 43 of the 44 patients who underwent surgery (98%). Eight patients with negative gadolinium-enhanced MRC had no active rhinorrhea at the time of procedure, and seven of them did not need surgery. None of the patients developed an acute adverse reaction that could be attributed to the procedure. None of the patients developed any neurological symptoms or signs caused by intrathecal gadolinium injection during a mean follow-up period of 4.12 years.[[17]]
In the previous case report, intrathecal gadolinium-enhanced MRC allowed us to observe the paradoxical leak from the mastoid cells through visualizing the passing contrast by the eustachian tube and then the nasopharynx. This not only let us to diagnose but also to carry out a surgical plan.
When carrying out the management of CSF leaks, two behaviors can be performed: (1) Initially, conservative management should be performed, which includes rest, elevation of the head, and pharmacology therapy in order to reduce CSF production and (2) The performance of invasive procedures such as the placement of a lumbar drain and finally surgical reexploration should be considered when conservative management fails.[[5]]
Postoperative CSF leakage after a retrosigmoid approach continues to be considered a feared complication and represents an economic problem for both the patient and the hospitals.[[18]] In addition to this, there are risk factors that increase the appearance of CSF fistulas, such as the body mass index. Many techniques have emerged for the correction of CSF leakage including fat, muscle, and galea grafts, alone or in combination, primary anatomic closure of the dural defect, reconstruction with bone cement, and lumbar drainage.[[18]]
When conservarive medical treatment fails it can be related to the identification of bone defects in the mastoid cells and dural tears during surgical reexploration. Montgomery initially introduced the use of fat as graft material to pack in the petrosal and mastoid apex.[[19]] Jackler then recommended the use of muscle fascia portion to cover the associated dural defect with fat strips over the fascia.[[20]]
The use of bone wax and bone plates (bone pate) are rarely used in acoustic neuroma surgeries, even though many surgeons resect the mastoid cells with bone wax in retrosigmoid approaches, as recommended by Falcioni in his study.[[21]],[[22]]
As, in our case, the conservative management with acetazolamide and lumbar drain failed, consequently the patient was taken to direct correction of the bone and dural defect in the posterior fossa with bone wax and closure of the dural defect.
Conclusion
Nuclear MRC with gadolinium injection intrathecally through a lumbar puncture is a save diagnostic, method with a good sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of CSF leak, such as a paradoxical leak. Paradoxical cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea increases the risk of meningitis, leading to the need of recommending performing a conservative or surgical intervention for its management.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient has given her consent for her images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patient understands that name and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
