Key words:
Canine - impaction - maxillary teeth - orthodontics
INTRODUCTION
Impacted teeth are defined as teeth that remain completely or incompletely embedded
in the jawbone or mucosa for more than 2 years following physiological eruption time.[1]
Although there are wide variations in impacted teeth among individuals, third molars
remain the most prevalent impacted teeth followed by maxillary canines.[2] Multiple factors are considered responsible for higher impaction prevalence of canines;
for instance, maxillary canines have comparatively longer roots and path of eruption,
develop deep into the jaw, and erupt following neighboring teeth. In contrast, mandibular
canine impactions are significantly less frequent compared to maxillary canines.[3] In addition, genetic factors play a significant role in the development of maxillary
canine impactions (MCIs).[4]
The potential of the maxillary canine for impactions and eruption guidance facilitated
by lateral incisor are controlled by genetics. Therefore, the developmental stage
of a tooth has a key role in guiding the ultimate position of canines and malocclusions.[5] Although unilateral ectopic eruptions of canine are not very uncommon, the bilateral
occurrence of maxillary canines is usual.[6]
In terms of timely diagnosis, it is often difficult to determine whether the missing
canine is truly impacted or delayed eruption, especially in young patients. Hence,
the detailed assessment of impact tooth for its location, angulation, and orientation
is important for orthodontic treatment planning. For this purpose, a variety of radiographic
assessment tools have been used to evaluate the impacted canines. Although cone‑beam
computed tomography has benefits of evaluating tissue dimensions more precisely and
has been used for applications in general dentistry[7]
[8]
[9] as well as orthodontics,[10] high radiation dose is the major concern. In comparison, the panoramic radiograph
(orthopantomogram [OPG]) uses remarkably lower radiation dose and provides comprehensive
information regarding whole dentition, jaws, and the surrounding structures, which
is frequently used for initial assessment.[7]
The criteria to classify the maxillary canines have been described previously that
showed a promising harmony with the clinician’s perception for orthodontic treatment
planning.[11] In the current study, we used a classification system for impacted maxillary canines
according to their long‑axis angles and the occlusal plane. The major aim of the current
study is to establish the frequency of impacted maxillary canines according to the
classification system. For this purpose, impacted maxillary canine has been categorized
into seven subtypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a descriptive, cross‑sectional, and retrospective study conducted using radiographic
data of dental patients attending College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah,
Al Munawwarah. The study protocol was approved by Taibah University, College of Dentistry
Research Ethics Committee. The OPGs are routinely used for screening and pretreatment
diagnostic imaging. Data of 14,000 patients’ (age range: 14–70 years) OPG images (7000
males, 7000 females), attending College of Dentistry, Taibah University, from January
2011 to February 2015, were included in this study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria
have been mentioned in [Table 1]. All the included OPG images were screened for the presence of impacted teeth. This
investigation included at least one or more impacted permanent canines that are not
likely to erupt in the future such as those causing resorption in the root of the
lateral incisor, inverted canines, and displaced canines.
The classification system reported by Yamamoto et al.[12] presented all conceivable positions of MCI according to their long‑axis angles and
the occlusal plane [Figure 1]. The individuals with maxillary impacted canines (n = 351) fulfilling the selection criteria (167 in male and 184 in female patients)
were matched to seven subtypes of this classification system of MCI. The data collected
were descriptively analyzed to establish the frequency of various types of impacted
canines. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software version 20 (IBM,
Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK).
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the classification system of maxillary canine impaction
used in this study: seven different types have been used based on anatomical relationship
of impacted canines. Tooth 3 represents maxillary canine; teeth 2 and 4 represent
maxillary lateral incisor and first premolar, respectively
Table 1:
Selection criteria used to filter retrospective orthopantomography of patients
|
Inclusion criteria
|
Exclusion criteria
|
|
Dentate patients
|
History of previous orthodontic treatment
|
|
Age range of 14-70 years
|
|
Presence of at least one impacted permanent canine
|
Primary dentition
|
|
Surgical extraction of maxillary canine
|
|
Any lesion overlapping or compromising the visibility of maxillary canines
|
RESULTS
Frequency of impacted teeth with tooth position
The frequency of impacted teeth varied depending on tooth number. A total of 354 individuals
(181 males, 173 females) reported impacted teeth (n = 479) excluding third molars [Table 2]. There was no significant difference in the number of male (51.1%) and female (48.9%)
patients with impacted teeth (P = 0.059). Impacted teeth occurred more often in the maxilla (79.3%) compared to the
mandible (20.7%).
Among maxillary impacted teeth (n = 380), the most frequently impacted teeth remain maxillary canines (third molars
excluded) that contributed 92.4% of maxillary impacted teeth and 73.2% of all impacted
teeth. The number of impacted central incisors, first and second premolars in maxilla
was 8 (2.1%), 6 (1.6%), and 15 (3.8%), respectively. Although the number of teeth
impacted in the right maxilla was greater than that of left maxilla, there was no
specific relation of statistical significance for any tooth [Table 2]. There was no incidence of impacted lateral incisors in the maxilla and the first
and second molars in maxilla as well as in mandible. In mandibular arch, canine was
the most frequently impacted tooth (49.5%) followed by the second premolars (37.4%)
and the first premolars (11.1%). Impacted central (1%) and lateral (1%) incisors were
observed in one patient. The current study reported a higher prevalence of impacted
maxillary canines on the left side (n = 205) compared to the right side (n = 146).
Occurrence of maxillary canine impactions and types
The impacted maxillary canine teeth (n = 351) were classified according to gender, tooth direction and position. The female
patients showed higher proportion of impacted maxillary canine (184/351) compared
to male patients (167/351). [Figure 2] represents the description of types of impacted canines and their representative
OPG images. The highest proportion of impacted maxillary canines matched to Type II
(51.6%) followed by Type IV (28.2%), Type I (12.5%), and Type III (4.8%). Type VII
impacted canines were 2.3% and Type VI were only 0.6%. There was no case of Type V
in the chosen population [Table 3]. The frequency of Type II MCI was significantly higher compared to any other type
(P = 0.053).
Table 2:
Frequency of various impacted teeth (n=479) in the maxilla and mandible excluding third molars
|
Maxilla
|
Mandible
|
|
Right
|
Left
|
Total (%)
|
Right
|
Left
|
Total (%)
|
|
Central incisor
|
8
|
0
|
8 (2.1)
|
1
|
0
|
1 (1.0)
|
|
Lateral incisor
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1 (1.0)
|
|
Canine
|
146
|
205
|
351 (92.4)
|
20
|
29
|
49 (49.5)
|
|
First premolar
|
1
|
5
|
6 (1.6)
|
6
|
5
|
11 (11.1)
|
|
Second premolar
|
4
|
11
|
5 (3.8)
|
17
|
20
|
37 (37.4)
|
|
First molar
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Second molar
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
159
|
221
|
380 (100)
|
44
|
55
|
99 (100)
|
DISCUSSION
The current study has reported the frequency of impacted permanent teeth excluding
third molars. The permanent teeth impaction is commonly observed that may involve
any tooth. The incidence of tooth impaction varies among various ethnic populations
from 5.6% to 18.8%.[13]
[14]
[15] For instance, the prevalence of impacted maxillary canines has been reported as
5.4% among Hungarian,[16] 5.1% among Turkish,[17] and 2.1% among Chinese[18] orthodontic patients. A new classification has been proposed to classify the most
frequently impacted maxillary canines. The upper canines are only second to the upper
and lower third molars in frequency of impaction.[19]
Figure 2: Maxillary canine impaction classification. Type I (canine embedded between lateral incisor and first premolar); Type II (crown is mesially
tipped overlapping, pressing lateral incisor tooth to provide a distal tipping of
the lateral); Type III (distally tipped canine with an overlapped canine crown and
the root of the first premolar); Type IV/V (canine long axis is orientated horizontally);
Type VI (canine crown is directed up toward orbitale fossae); Type VII (canine long
axis in horizontal direction with its crown placed buccally or interchanging with
adjacent teeth)
Table 3:
Occurrence of various types of impacted canines classified using proposed classification
|
Canine impaction type
|
Frequency (%)
|
|
I
|
44 (12.5)
|
|
II
|
181 (51.6)
|
|
III
|
17 (4.8)
|
|
IV
|
99 (28.2)
|
|
V
|
0
|
|
VI
|
2 (0.6)
|
|
VII
|
8 (2.3)
|
|
Total
|
351 (100)
|
There are multiple factors involved in higher frequency of MCIs with a wide range
of variations that require their classification. For instance, the higher frequency
may primarily be caused by the lack of eruption space as canines erupt later than
the adjacent teeth. In addition, the maxillary canine tooth germ develops at 24 weeks
of gestation and remains embedded in the maxilla for approximately 12 years. The tooth
erupts later than any other permanent tooth at the age of 11–12 years. Delayed eruption
leads to certain physiological changes including increased bone density and pressure
from surrounding anatomical structures such as the nasal cavity, orbital cavity, and
maxillary sinus.[19]
In contrast, the upper lateral incisor germ starts developing around 5–5.5 months
of gestation and erupts at the age of 8–9 years, which is also earlier than the upper
canine. The germ of the first premolar develops at birth (later than upper canine)
and eruption occurs at the age of 10–11 years. Therefore, a space needs to be maintained
between the erupted lateral incisor and the first premolar to facilitate canine eruption
in the normal position.[20] In addition to delayed eruption, the deep positioning of the canine germ also contributes
to their impaction. Teeth that move only a short distance before eruption are less
likely to be impacted. For example, in the case of the first molar, tooth germ is
formed closest to the occlusal plane and rarely impacted.[20] Conversely, the canine tooth germ is formed deep into the maxilla and hence its
eruption can be affected by lateral incisor and long path of eruption. The upper canine
normally runs along the root of the lateral incisor with the forming crown slightly
inclined mesially at the distolabial side of the root of the incisor.[21] Majority of impacted canines are likely to cause root resorption of lateral incisors.[22]
This indicates the importance of the lateral incisor in canine tooth eruption, given
that the canine erupts along the root of the lateral incisor while inclined. In addition,
canine replaces a deciduous tooth that is narrower and has to break through the hard
palate and palatal mucosa.[23] The current study reported 167 impacted canines in male and 184 in female patients,
suggesting that canine impaction is more common among females. These findings are
in agreement with a previous study by Hou et al.[24] The gender differences may be attributable to the fact that the sizes of skull,
maxilla, and mandible are smaller in women than in men.[20]
An appropriate jaw size is an important parameter required to facilitate the growth
and eruption of teeth in order. Discrepancies in jaw size corresponding to evolutionary
changes and lack of sagittal growth are likely to enhance the probability of tooth
impactions.[25] Similarly, arch length deficiency is known to cause impaction of teeth. For instance,
a dysplastic premaxilla can alter the path of eruption of maxillary canine following
the eruption of lateral incisor hence increasing the chances of its impaction.[26] In cleft and palate patients having deficit skeletal growth of maxilla, the frequency
of MCI has been reported significantly higher compared to controls.[27]
The current study reported that more than 92% of the maxillary impacted teeth were
canines (~73% of all the impacted teeth). Brin et al.[28] reported similar occurrence of the impacted maxillary canine and third molar. Incidence
of impacted maxillary canine ranged from 0.92% to 3.58% in the general population.
A number of studies have reported that the majority (85%) of the impacted maxillary
canines are palatal[13],[29] compared to the labial (15%). On the other hand, the bilateral occurrence of MCI
is also a common occurrence; however, unilateral ectopic eruptions are more frequent.[14] Although the mandibular canine impaction is more frequent compared to incisors and
premolars, it is significantly less common compared to impacted maxillary canines.
Yavuz et al.[30] described a greater frequency of impacted mandibular canines (1.29%) in the Turkish
population.
The current study reported a higher prevalence of impacted maxillary canines on the
left side (n = 205) compared to the right side (n = 146). These findings are in agreement with a previous study by Takahama and Aiyama[27] that reported a higher frequency of left‑sided maxillary impactions in cleft patients
(66.7%) as well as in the control group (62.5%). Although there are no scientific
evidences to explain the higher prevalence of left‑sided MCIs, it has been considered
as a general trait of malformation.[27] The canines play a vital role during orthodontic treatment planning and occlusal
stability. Hence, impacted canines require a particular attention. In this study,
the occurrence of impacted maxillary canines was recorded in terms of variation in
the long axis and depending on eruption feature of maxillary canine rather than on
simply labial or palatal positions. The current study demonstrated that the percentage
of impaction was similar for the canine which showed higher percentages of impaction
than the second premolar (about 49% and 37%, respectively) in the lower dentition.
In contrast, Bishara[31] and Orton et al.[32] reported the mandibular second premolar as one of the most commonly impacted teeth
followed by lower second premolars (~24%). The prevalence of maxillary second premolar
impaction (9.85%) was less than that of the mandibular second premolar.
CONCLUSIONS
Excluding the third molars, maxillary canine is the most commonly impacted tooth followed
by mandibular canines. The classification system with seven subtypes is a useful tool
for categorizing impacted maxillary canines and treatment planning. The majority of
impacted maxillary canines (51%) had mesially tipped crown and pressing and distally
tipping the lateral incisors (Type II). Among impacted canines, the horizontal orientation
of the canine long axis (Type IV and V) was rare. Considering the complexities, the
impacted canines may present in a wide range of variations in their long axis and
must be assessed carefully during treatment planning.
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Nil.
