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DOI: 10.1055/a-2297-0577
Nebennierenraumforderungen: Die Rolle der modernen Bildgebung
Adrenal masses - the role of the modern imaging„Fight or Flight“ – die Nebennieren spielen eine zentrale Rolle im endokrinen und autonomen Nervensystem des Menschen, indem sie z. B. Epinephrin und Kortisol sezernieren, die den Körper auf Stressreaktionen vorbereiten. Raumforderungen wie adrenale Tumoren können die Funktion der Nebennieren beeinträchtigen und zu endokrinen Dysbalancen führen. Im Folgenden soll die Bedeutung der Bildgebung bei diesen Raumforderungen erläutert werden.
Abstract
Adrenal incidentalomas encompass a diverse spectrum of lesions, ranging from predominantly benign and hormonally inactive types to highly aggressive malignancies associated with poor prognosis. These masses are often detected incidentally during imaging performed for unrelated clinical indications. The prevalence of adrenal tumors is estimated at 4% to 7%, with some regional variability. The majority of incidentalomas are benign, with non-functioning adenomas being the most prevalent, even in oncologic populations. Adrenocortical carcinoma, though rare, exhibits significant metastatic potential and is associated with a poor prognosis. The frequent occurrence of clinically silent adrenal metastases, typically identified during staging procedures, highlights the imperative for precise and standardized diagnostic protocols. A multimodal and interdisciplinary approach is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic decision-making. Implementing standardized algorithms that integrate both morphological and quantitative metrics, including size, density, and growth kinetics, can enhance diagnostic consistency and accuracy, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
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Adrenale Raumforderungen sind häufig, maligne Befunde jedoch im Vergleich selten; eine strukturierte Befundung und Abklärung im Rahmen von Zufallsbefunden ist wichtig, auch um eine Überdiagnostik zu vermeiden.
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Die meisten Zufallsbefunde (Inzidentalome) sind gutartig; hohe Fettanteile innerhalb der Läsion bzw. niedrige mittlere Dichtewerte in der (DE-)CT lassen die Diagnose eines benignen, fettreichen Adenoms zuverlässig zu.
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Die Größe (≤ 1 cm Längsdurchmesser) und die Wachstumsrate (≤ 8 mm/Jahr) einer Läsion sind wichtige Parameter zur Einschätzung der Dignität; mit zunehmender Größe steigt das Risiko für Malignität stark an (Schwellenwert: ≥ 4 cm).
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Die MR-CSI stellt zur Abklärung lipidärmerer Läsionen mit In- und Opposed-Phase-Sequenzen eine gute Alternative dar.
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Die PET/CT kann zur erweiterten Abklärung bei nicht eindeutig gutartigen Nebennierenraumforderungen in der CT, bei hormonaktiven oder bei unklaren adrenalen Tumoren bei onkologischen Patienten eingesetzt werden.
Publication History
Article published online:
20 September 2024
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