Riesenzellarteriitis und Polymyalgia rheumatica – eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung

Lernziele

Verständnis pathophysiologischer Grundlagen der Riesenzellarteriitis und Polymyalgia rheumatica. Interdisziplinäre Differenzialdiagnostik bei einem breiten Spektrum klinischer Manifestationen. Therapiestrategien zur adäquaten Behandlung der Krankheitsbilder und Vermeidung von Rezidiven und Komplikationen.

Literatur

• 1 Hutchinson J. On a peculiar form of thrombotic arteritis of the aged which is sometimes productive of gangrene.  Arch Surg. 1890;  1 323-329
• 2 Horton B T, Magath T B, Brown G E. An undescribed form of arteritis of the temporal vessels.  Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin. 1932;  7 700
• 3 Horton B T. Complications of temporal arteritis.  Br Med J. 1966;  1 105-106
• 4 Horton B T, Magath T B. Arteritis of the temporal vessels: Report of seven cases.  Mayo Clin Proc. 1937;  12 548
• 5 Bruce W. Senile rheumatic gout.  Br Med J. 1888;  2 881-883
• 6 Barber H S. Myalgic syndrome with constitutional effects; polymyalgia rheumatica.  Ann Rheum Dis. 1957;  16 230-237
• 7 Cantini F. et al . Are polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis the same disease?.  Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;  33 294-301
• 8 Weyand C M, Goronzy J J. Giant-cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.  Ann Intern Med. 2003;  139 505-515
• 9 Weyand C M, Goronzy J J. Medium- and large-vessel vasculitis.  N Engl J Med. 2003;  349 160-169
• 10 Salvarani C. et al . Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  347 261-271
• 11 Healey L A. Long-term follow-up of polymyalgia rheumatica: evidence for synovitis.  Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1984;  13 322-328
• 12 Chuang T Y. et al . Polymyalgia rheumatica: a 10-year epidemiologic and clinical study.  Ann Intern Med. 1982;  97 672-680
• 13 Bird H A. et al . An evaluation of criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica.  Ann Rheum Dis. 1979;  38 434-439
• 14 Hunder G G. et al . The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of giant cell arteritis.  Arthritis Rheum. 1990;  33 1122-1128
• 15 Rao J K, Allen N B, Pincus T. Limitations of the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria in the diagnosis of vasculitis.  Ann Intern Med. 1998;  129 345-352
• 16 Taylor-Gjevre R. et al . Temporal artery biopsy for giant cell arteritis.  J Rheumatol. 2005;  32 1279-1282
• 17 Hall J K. et al . The role of unilateral temporal artery biopsy.  Ophthalmology. 2003;  110 543-548; discussion 548
• 18 Chakrabarty A, Franks A J. Temporal artery biopsy: is there any value in examining biopsies at multiple levels?.  J Clin Pathol. 2000;  53 131-136
• 19 Boyev L R, Miller N R, Green W R. Efficacy of unilateral versus bilateral temporal artery biopsies for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis.  Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;  128 211-215
• 20 Achkar A A. et al . How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis?.  Ann Intern Med. 1994;  120 987-992
• 21 Narvaez J. et al . Influence of previous corticosteroid therapy on temporal artery biopsy yield in giant cell arteritis.  Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;  37 13-19
• 22 Salvarani C. et al . The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern.  Ann Intern Med. 1995;  123 192-194
• 23 Smith C A, Fidler W J, Pinals R S. The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis. Report of a ten-year study in Shelby County, Tennessee.  Arthritis Rheum. 1983;  26 1214-1219
• 24 Franzen P, Sutinen S, von Knorring J. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in a region of Finland: an epidemiologic, clinical and pathologic study, 1984–1988.  J Rheumatol. 1992;  19 273-276
• 25 Salvarani C. et al . Epidemiology of polymyalgia rheumatica in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1970–1991.  Arthritis Rheum. 1995;  38 369-373
• 26 Blockmans D. et al . Repetitive 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective study in 35 patients.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;  46 672-677
• 27 Blockmans D. et al . Positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: evidence for inflammation of the aortic arch.  Am J Med. 2000;  108 246-249
• 28 Gonzalez-Gay M A, Garcia-Porrua C, Vazquez-Caruncho M. Polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy proven giant cell arteritis does not constitute a different subset but differs from isolated polymyalgia rheumatica.  J Rheumatol. 1998;  25 1750-1755
• 29 Gonzalez-Gay M A. Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: two different but often overlapping conditions.  Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2004;  33 289-293
• 30 Smeeth L, Cook C, Hall A J. Incidence of diagnosed polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the United Kingdom, 1990–2001.  Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;  65 1093-1098
• 31 Salvarani C. et al . Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a fifty-year period.  Arthritis Rheum. 2004;  51 264-268
• 32 Nordborg E, Nordborg C. Giant cell arteritis: epidemiological clues to its pathogenesis and an update on its treatment.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003;  42 413-421
• 33 Gran J T, Myklebust G. The incidence of polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis in the county of Aust Agder, south Norway: a prospective study 1987–94.  J Rheumatol. 1997;  24 1739-1743
• 34 Ostberg G. An arteritis with special reference to polymyalgia arteritica.  Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Suppl. 1973;  237 (Suppl. 237) 1-59
• 35 Reinhold-Keller E. et al . No difference in the incidences of vasculitides between north and south Germany: first results of the German vasculitis register.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;  41 540-549
• 36 Reinhold-Keller E. et al . Giant cell arteritis is more prevalent in urban than in rural populations: results of an epidemiological study of primary systemic vasculitides in Germany.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;  39 1396-1402
• 37 Salvarani C. et al . Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy.  Arthritis Rheum. 1991;  34 351-356
• 38 Kobayashi S. et al . Clinical and epidemiologic analysis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis from a nationwide survey in 1998 in Japan: the first government-supported nationwide survey.  Arthritis Rheum. 2003;  49 594-598
• 39 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: a 25-year epidemiologic study.  Medicine (Baltimore). 2007;  86 61-68
• 40 Chaudhry I A. et al . Epidemiology of giant-cell arteritis in an Arab population: a 22-year study.  Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;  91 715-718
• 41 Bas-Lando M. et al . The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Jerusalem over a 25-year period: annual and seasonal fluctuations.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;  25 (1 Suppl. 44) S15-17
• 42 Narvaez J. et al . Lack of association between infection and onset of polymyalgia rheumatica.  J Rheumatol. 2000;  27 953-957
• 43 Elling P, Olsson A T, Elling H. Synchronous variations of the incidence of temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica in different regions of Denmark; association with epidemics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.  J Rheumatol. 1996;  23 112-119
• 44 Duhaut P, Bosshard S, Ducroix J. Is giant cell arteritis an infectious disease? Biological and epidemiological evidence.  Presse Med. 2004;  33 1403-1408
• 45 Duhaut P. et al . Giant cell arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and viral hypotheses: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes.  J Rheumatol. 1999;  26 361-369
• 46 Helweg-Larsen J. et al . No evidence of parvovirus B19, Chlamydia pneumoniae or human herpes virus infection in temporal artery biopsies in patients with giant cell arteritis.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;  41 445-449
• 47 Machado E B. et al . A population-based case-control study of temporal arteritis: evidence for an association between temporal arteritis and degenerative vascular disease?.  Int J Epidemiol. 1989;  18 836-841
• 48 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Influence of traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis in the development of severe ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis.  Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;  83 342-347
• 49 Duhaut P. et al . Giant cell arteritis and cardiovascular risk factors: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes.  Arthritis Rheum. 1998;  41 1960-1965
• 50 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Genetic markers of disease susceptibility and severity in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.  Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2003;  33 38-48
• 51 Weyand C M. et al . HLA-DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.  Arthritis Rheum. 1994;  37 514-520
• 52 Salvarani C. et al . HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with polymyalgia rheumatica in northern Italy: correlation with disease severity.  Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;  58 303-308
• 53 Haworth S. et al . Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with both HLA-DRB1*0401 and DRB1*0404.  Br J Rheumatol. 1996;  35 632-635
• 54 Brack A. et al . Disease pattern in cranial and large-vessel giant cell arteritis.  Arthritis Rheum. 1999;  42 311-317
• 55 Bobryshev Y V. Dendritic cells and their involvement in atherosclerosis.  Curr Opin Lipidol. 2000;  11 511-517
• 56 Weyand C M. et al . Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis.  Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;  1062 195-208
• 57 Ma-Krupa W. et al . Toll-like receptors in giant cell arteritis.  Clin Immunol. 2005;  115 38-46
• 58 Pryshchep O. et al . Vessel-specific Toll-like receptor profiles in human medium and large arteries.  Circulation. 2008;  118 1276-1284
• 59 Weyand C M, Goronzy J J. Arterial wall injury in giant cell arteritis.  Arthritis Rheum. 1999;  42 844-853
• 60 Ma-Krupa W. et al . Activation of arterial wall dendritic cells and breakdown of self-tolerance in giant cell arteritis.  J Exp Med. 2004;  199 173-183
• 61 Weyand C M, Ma-Krupa W, Goronzy J J. Immunopathways in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.  Autoimmun Rev. 2004;  3 46-53
• 62 Meliconi R. et al . Leukocyte infiltration in synovial tissue from the shoulder of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. Quantitative analysis and influence of corticosteroid treatment.  Arthritis Rheum. 1996;  39 1199-1207
• 63 Cutolo M. et al . Adrenal gland hypofunction in active polymyalgia rheumatica. effect of glucocorticoid treatment on adrenal hormones and interleukin 6.  J Rheumatol. 2002;  29 748-756
• 64 Salvarani C, Gabriel S, Hunder G G. Distal extremity swelling with pitting edema in polymyalgia rheumatica. Report on nineteen cases.  Arthritis Rheum. 1996;  39 73-80
• 65 Salvarani C. et al . Distal musculoskeletal manifestations in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up study.  Arthritis Rheum. 1998;  41 1221-1226
• 66 Salvarani C. et al . Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: a 5-year epidemiologic and clinical study in Reggio Emilia, Italy.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1987;  5 205-215
• 67 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Giant cell arteritis: disease patterns of clinical presentation in a series of 240 patients.  Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;  84 269-276
• 68 Calamia K T, Hunder G G. Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis) presenting as fever of undetermined origin.  Arthritis Rheum. 1981;  24 1414-1418
• 69 Huston K A. et al . Temporal arteritis: a 25-year epidemiologic, clinical, and pathologic study.  Ann Intern Med. 1978;  88 162-167
• 70 Salvarani C, Cantini F, Hunder G G. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis.  Lancet. 2008;  372 234-245
• 71 Salvarani C. et al . Primary systemic amyloidosis presenting as giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.  Arthritis Rheum. 1994;  37 1621-1266
• 72 Aiello P D. et al . Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis.  Ophthalmology. 1993;  100 550-555
• 73 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients.  Medicine (Baltimore). 2000;  79 283-292
• 74 Salvarani C. et al . Risk factors for visual loss in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis.  Arthritis Rheum. 2005;  53 293-297
• 75 Kawasaki A, Purvin V. Giant cell arteritis: an updated review.  Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;  87 13-32
• 76 Hayreh S S, Podhajsky P A, Zimmerman B. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis.  Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;  125 509-520
• 77 Hayreh S S, Podhajsky P A, Zimmerman B. Occult giant cell arteritis: ocular manifestations.  Am J Ophthalmol. 1998;  125 521-526
• 78 Schmidt D, Ness T. [Ocular findings and differential diagnoses in giant cell arteritis (Arteriitis cranialis)].  Z Rheumatol. 2009;  68 117-123
• 79 Miller N R. Visual manifestations of temporal arteritis.  Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2001;  27 781-797, vi
• 80 Hayreh S S, Jonas J B. Optic disc morphology after arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.  Ophthalmology. 2001;  108 1586-1594
• 81 Caselli R J. et al . Peripheral neuropathic syndromes in giant cell (temporal) arteritis.  Neurology. 1988;  38 685-689
• 82 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Permanent visual loss and cerebrovascular accidents in giant cell arteritis: predictors and response to treatment.  Arthritis Rheum. 1998;  41 1497-1504
• 83 Caselli R J, Hunder G G, Whisnant J. Neurologic disease in biopsy-proven giant cell (temporal) arteritis.  Neurology. 1988;  38 352-359
• 84 Klein R G. et al . Large artery involvement in giant cell (temporal) arteritis.  Ann Intern Med. 1975;  83 806-812
• 85 Bongartz T, Matteson E L. Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis.  Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006;  18 10-17
• 86 Evans J M, O'Fallon W M, Hunder G G. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study.  Ann Intern Med. 1995;  122 502-507
• 87 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Aortic aneurysm and dissection in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis from northwestern Spain: a population-based study.  Medicine (Baltimore). 2004;  83 335-341
• 88 Larson T S. et al . Respiratory tract symptoms as a clue to giant cell arteritis.  Ann Intern Med. 1984;  101 594-597
• 89 Valstar M H, Terpstra W F, de Jong R S. Pericardial and pleural effusion in giant cell arteritis.  Am J Med. 2003;  114 708-709
• 90 Salvarani C, Hunder G G. Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: frequency of occurence in a population-based study.  Arthritis Rheum. 2001;  45 140-145
• 91 Cantini F. et al . Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein in the evaluation of disease activity and severity in polymyalgia rheumatica: a prospective follow-up study.  Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000;  30 17-24
• 92 Hayreh S S. et al . Giant cell arteritis: validity and reliability of various diagnostic criteria.  Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;  123 285-296
• 93 Pountain G D, Calvin J, Hazleman B L. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis.  Br J Rheumatol. 1994;  33 550-554
• 94 Vaith P, Warnatz K. [Clinical and serological findings of giant-cell arteritis].  Z Rheumatol. 2009;  68 124-131
• 95 Weyand C M. et al . Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity.  Arthritis Rheum. 2000;  43 1041-1048
• 96 Gonzalez-Gay M A. et al . Giant cell arteritis: laboratory tests at the time of diagnosis in a series of 240 patients.  Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;  84 277-290
• 97 Cid M C. et al . Tissue and serum angiogenic activity is associated with low prevalence of ischemic complications in patients with giant-cell arteritis.  Circulation. 2002;  106 1664-1671
• 98 Hernandez-Rodriguez J. et al . A strong initial systemic inflammatory response is associated with higher corticosteroid requirements and longer duration of therapy in patients with giant-cell arteritis.  Arthritis Rheum. 2002;  47 29-35
• 99 Lopez-Hoyos M. et al . Clinical utility of anti-CCP antibodies in the differential diagnosis of elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;  43 655-657
• 100 Reinhard M. et al . [Imaging techniques for giant cell arteritis. Ultrasound and MRI].  Z Rheumatol. 2009;  68 108-116
• 101 Salvarani C. et al . Is duplex ultrasonography useful for the diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis?.  Ann Intern Med. 2002;  137 232-238
• 102 Schmidt W A. et al . Involvement of peripheral arteries in giant cell arteritis: a color Doppler sonography study.  Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2002;  20 309-318
• 103 Schmidt W A. et al . Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis.  N Engl J Med. 1997;  337 1336-1342
• 104 Karassa F B. et al . Meta-analysis: test performance of ultrasonography for giant-cell arteritis.  Ann Intern Med. 2005;  142 359-369
• 105 Karahaliou M. et al . Colour duplex sonography of temporal arteries before decision for biopsy: a prospective study in 55 patients with suspected giant cell arteritis.  Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;  8 R116
• 106 Schmidt W A. et al . Ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries to increase the diagnostic yield in large-vessel giant cell arteritis.  Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;  47 96-101
• 107 Salvarani C. et al . Proximal bursitis in active polymyalgia rheumatica.  Ann Intern Med. 1997;  127 27-31
• 108 O'Duffy J D, Wahner H W, Hunder G G. Joint imaging in polymyalgia rheumatica.  Mayo Clin Proc. 1976;  51 519-524
• 109 Cantini F. et al . Shoulder ultrasonography in the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica: a case-control study.  J Rheumatol. 2001;  28 1049-1055
• 110 Bley T A. et al . Diagnostic value of high-resolution MR imaging in giant cell arteritis.  AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;  28 1722-1727
• 111 Bley T A. et al . Assessment of the cranial involvement pattern of giant cell arteritis with 3T magnetic resonance imaging.  Arthritis Rheum. 2005;  52 2470-2477
• 112 Blockmans D. et al . Repetitive 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of 35 patients.  Arthritis Rheum. 2006;  55 131-137
• 113 Jennette J C, Falk R J. Nosology of primary vasculitis.  Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007;  19 10-16

1 P. Vaith, T. Bley et al. 2009: „Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit einer definierten immunsuppressiven Therapie bei Riesenzellarteriitis. Eine multizentrische, offene, nicht interventionelle Patientenstudie” [e-mail].