Self-Assessment Questions

This section provides a review. Mark each statement on the Answer Sheet according to the factual materials contained in this issue and the opinions of the authors.

Article One (pp. 77–110)

1. The primary outcome measure in this study was

   • hearing aid satisfaction

   • categorical loudness judgments

   • compliance in the study protocol

   • change in hearing thresholds

2. The full-treatment group received

   • scripted counseling and sound therapy

   • scripted counseling

   • sound therapy

   • home visits during the study

3. Partial treatment groups included

   • scripted counseling and sound therapy

   • counseling and placebo sound generators

   • binaural sound generators and no counseling

   • B and C

4. Participants included in this study wanted to increase their dynamic range in order to

   • function in daily living activities

   • potentially become successful hearing aid users

   • tolerate their tinnitus

   • please their families

5. The sound-therapy principles tested in this study were developed by

   • Jastreboff and Jastreboff (2004)

   • Formby (2007)

   • Hazell and Sheldrake (1992)

   • Silverman (1947)

6. The original treatment was developed for

   • treatment of hyperacusis only

   • treatment of misophonia only

   • treatment of phonophobia only

   • treatment of hyperacusis among tinnitus patients

7. Reduced dynamic range can be due to

   • elevated thresholds

   • reduced sound tolerance for loud sounds

   • elevated sound tolerance for loud sounds

   • A and B

8. The study was placebo-controlled for

   • sound therapy

   • counseling

   • sound therapy and counseling

   • it was not placebo controlled

9. The neutral control group received

   • no counseling

   • a placebo sound generator

   • A and B

   • nothing

10. The full-treatment group had larger increases in their “uncomfortably loud” judgments at the end of the study than

    • both partial treatment groups and the control group

    • both partial treatment groups

    • the control group

    • only one of the partial treatment groups

11. The majority of the full-treatment group participants achieved their criterion improvements for judgments of uncomfortable loudness within how long of beginning treatment?

    • 1 week

    • 3 months

    • 1 year

    • 2 years

12. Treatment-related criterion increases for judgments of uncomfortable loudness were defined as

    • >20 dB

    • >15 dB

    • >10 dB

    • >5 dB

13. Was the treatment effect from sound therapy less than, greater than, not measured for, or equal to the treatment effect for counseling?

    • Less than

    • Greater than

    • Not measured for

    • Equal to

14. What did the authors conclude about the basic principles underlying Hazell and Sheldrake's full-treatment protocol for expanding the DR among individuals with sensorineural hearing loss who may report aided loudness problems?

    • The principles are valid but do not have general applicability.

    • The principles are not valid but do have general applicability.

    • The principles are not valid and do not have general applicability.

    • The principles are valid and have general applicability.

15. Hazell and Sheldrake's treatment protocol, which included low-level sound therapy and counseling, was eventually incorporated together with which of the following?

    • Jastreboff's neurophysiological model of tinnitus

    • Silverman's high-level sound therapy treatment

    • Cochlear implant technology

    • None of the above

16. Subjects reported

    • having tried but rejected amplification

    • assuming they could not tolerate amplification and therefore not trying it

    • A and B

    • none of the above

17. Fitting hearing aids on individuals with loudness tolerance problems often requires

    • large amounts of compression

    • inordinate decreases in maximum output levels

    • not reaching target gain and therefore compromising audibility

    • all of the above

18. Early efforts to improve sound tolerance and promote dynamic range expansion in individuals with hearing loss can be found in which of the following decades?

    • 1940s

    • 1950s

    • 1960s

    • 1970s

19. The authors define hyperacusis as a general intolerance to the loudness of sounds that would

    • be bothersome for 50% of the populations

    • not typically be bothersome for most individuals

    • be bothersome for women more than men

    • be bothersome for older adults

20. Audiologically, hyperacusis manifests itself as an abnormal reduction in loudness discomfort levels below approximately

    • 80-dB hearing level (HL) across frequencies

    • 90-dB HL across frequencies

    • 100-dB HL across frequencies

    • 80-dB HL in the low frequencies and 100-dB HL in the higher frequencies

21. Ten normal-hearing adults were included in the study in order to

    • assess learning effects associated with repeated collection of the outcome measures

    • have enough subjects in each group

    • offer undergraduates a research experience

    • none of the above

22. Subjects did not have a primary complaint of

    • tinnitus

    • phonophobia

    • misophonia

    • all of the above

23. Subjects reporting the following were ineligible for the study

    • unilateral hearing loss

    • current use of hearing aids

    • history of otologic surgery

    • all of the above

24. The counseling included

    • four components provided in one session

    • one component repeated each visit

    • four components taught across four sessions

    • one component provided in the first session

25. The placebo control sound generator was implemented by

    • the device attenuating over 60 to 70 minutes of use

    • the clinician reinforcing that over time you may not notice the low-level noise

    • reset time constant of 2 to 3 seconds when the device is removed from the ear

    • all of the above

26. Jastreboff's neurophysiological model suggests that hyperacusis primarily (perhaps exclusively) affects the

    • limbic system

    • autonomic system

    • auditory pathway

    • facial nerve

27. The authors report that the impact of full treatment

    • can be determined by adding the impact of the individual treatments of counseling and sound therapy

    • is greater than the combination of separate sound therapy and counseling treatments

    • is less than the combination of separate sound therapy and counseling treatments

    • is impossible to quantify

28. Sound therapy is believed to impact

    • central auditory gain

    • the limbic system

    • the individual desire to hear sound

    • none of the above

29. Baguley and Andersson (2007) propose that hyperacusis includes not only issues with the auditory pathway but also

    • family issues

    • childhood issues

    • nonauditory processes

    • all of the above

30. Hazell et al (1999) found that all of their patients with hyperacusis had some degree of

    • tinnitus

    • phonophobia

    • misophonia

    • all of the above