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Nervenheilkunde 2004; 23(06): 315-321
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1626389
Original- und Übersichtsarbeiten - Original and Review Articles
Schattauer GmbH

Neuropsychologie von Abhängigkeit und Delinquenz

The neuropsychology of dependency and delinquency
B. Leplow
1   Martin-Luther-Universität zu Halle-Wittenberg
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Publication History

Publication Date:
18 January 2018 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Die Neuropsychologie der Delinquenz stellt ein neueres, viel versprechendes Forschungsgebiet mit möglicherweise praxisrelevanten Implikationen dar. Da die in der Literatur berichteten orientierenden neuropsychologischen Untersuchungen jedoch keine konsistenten Befunde ergaben, wurde ein experimentell-neuropsychologischer Entscheidungstest eingesetzt, bei welchem kurz-und langfristige, positive und negative Konsequenzen en bloque oder verteilt dargeboten und systematisch variiert werden können. Bei Patienten mit ventromedialen Hirnschädigungen gilt die dysfunktionale Tendenz zur Inanspruchnahme kurzfristiger Gewinne bei Inkaufnahme langfristiger Nettoverluste inzwischen als Kerndefizit. Die Ergebnisse der eigenen Arbeitsgruppe zeigen, dass sich dieses Verhalten auch bei Inhaftierten des Maßregelvollzuges finden lässt. Es tritt jedoch nicht bei Inhaftierten des Regelvollzuges auf, wenn Straftäter und Kontrollpersonen nach Maßgabe der Alkoholanamnese parallelisiert werden. Entsprechend finden sich dysfunktionale Entscheidungsstrategien auch bei chronischen Alkoholikern und anderen psychischen Störungen – sofern Substanzmissbrauch ausgeschlossen wurde. Damit scheinen die Ergebnisse vor allem eine präfrontal determinierte Fehlregulation abzubilden, die sich bei unterschiedlichsten Störungsbildern findet. Für die Neuropsychologie der Delinquenz weisen die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass das Syndrom aus »Substanzmissbrauch und (minimale) Regelüberschreitung« bereits in Kindheit und Jugend verstärkt beachtet werden sollte.

Summary

The neuropsychology of delinquency represents a newer, more promising research area with implications that are possibly relevant in practice. However, as the neuropsychologically oriented investigations reported in the literature failed to yield any consistent findings, an experimental-neuropsychological decision test was implemented in which short and long-term, positive and negative consequences can be presented and systematically varied en bloc or spread out. In patients with ventromedial brain damage, the dysfunctional tendency to utilize short-term wins with the acceptance of longterm net losses has come to be seen as a core deficit. The results of the author’s own research team show that this can also be found in prisoners serving their sentences confined to psychiatric institutions, but that it does not occur in prisoners serving a regular sentence when offenders and control persons are matched according to alcohol case history. Correspondingly, dysfunctional decision strategies are also found in chronic alcoholics and other psychological disorders, but not in pathological gamblers without alcohol dependency. Thus, the results appear above all to show a prefrontally determined dysregulation, which is found in the most diverse of disorders. With regard to the neuropsychology of delinquency, the results indicate that the syndrome of “substance abuse and (minimal) rule violation” should be given greater attention earlier on in childhood and youth.

Schlüsselwörter

Jugenddelinquenz - Alkoholabhängigkeit - Soziopathie - Verhaltensauffälligkeit - Neuropsychologie - Entscheidungsverhalten

Keywords

Juvenile delinquency - alcohol dependency - sociopathy - behavioral abnormality - neuropsychology - decision behavior
 

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