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Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2024; 28(04): 477-489
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779247
Review Article

The Pediatric Ankle: Normal Variations and Maturation-Dependent Pathology

Philip G. Colucci 
1   Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
,
Carolyn M. Sofka
1   Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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Abstract

The pediatric ankle can present a broad range of normal variation and pathology unique to certain stages of development. Understanding the expected age ranges of ossification and fusion about the ankle is essential to provide accurate diagnoses regarding skeletal integrity. This conclusion has been well characterized radiographically and is supported by cadaveric research.

The range of appearances on magnetic resonance imaging has also been well described. Knowledge about the structure of the periosteum and perichondrium aids in image interpretation as well as explaining typical injury patterns. The expected appearance of the physis and regional bone marrow signal is also of utmost importance.

Ultrasonography is a valuable tool in pediatric musculoskeletal imaging but is limited when there is concern for intra-articular pathology. Computed tomography tends to be reserved for preoperative evaluation. We describe normal variation and maturation-dependent pathology of the pediatric ankle with an emphasis on imaging considerations.

Keywords

pediatric - musculoskeletal - ankle - normal variation - pathology


Publication History

Article published online:
29 July 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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