Semin Speech Lang 2024; 45(02): 121-136
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1779653
Clinical Seminar: Pediatric

Addressing Parental Gatekeeping in Early-Intervention Services: Engaging all Caregivers

1   Child Development and Family Relations, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
,
Jane Puhlman
2   Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Maine, Orono, Maine
› Author Affiliations

Abstract

The successful implementation of early interventions (EIs) within families is crucial in mitigating language and developmental delays in young children. Considering that language acquisition primarily occurs through interactions between caregivers and children, parental involvement plays a significant role in EI services. Working within families where one parent interferes with the involvement of the child's other parent or caregiver can be challenging for service providers. This article examines parental gatekeeping—a concept from the family science literature that can have a significant impact on services provided by speech language pathologists (SLPs). We outline and provide examples of family dynamics that may pose challenges to SLPs working with young children and their families as well as provide strategies for effectively navigating and working within these dynamics.



Publication History

Article published online:
05 February 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Avenue, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA

 
  • References

  • Ahrons, C. R. (1981). The continuing coparental relationship between divorced spouses. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 415–428
  • Akamoglu, Y., & Meadan, H. (2018). Parent-implemented language and communication interventions for children with developmental delays and disabilities: a scoping review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 5(3), 294–309
  • Allen, S. M., & Hawkins, A. J. (1999). Maternal gatekeeping: mothers' beliefs and behaviors that inhibit greater father involvement in family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61, 199–212
  • Altenburger, L. E., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2018). Associations between maternal gatekeeping and fathers' parenting quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 2678–2689
  • Amato, P. R., Kane, J. B., & James, S. (2011). Reconsidering the "good divorce". Family Relations, 60(5), 511–524
  • Blackman, J. A. (2002). Early intervention: a global perspective. Infants and Young Children, 15(2), 11–19
  • Bocknek, E. L., Dayton, C., Raveau, H. A., Richardson, P., Brophy-Herb, H. E., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2017). Routine active playtime with fathers is associated with self-regulation in early childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 63(1), 105–134
  • Carpenter, B., & Towers, C. (2008). Recognising fathers: the needs of fathers of children with disabilities. Support for Learning, 23(3), 118–125
  • Cosson, B., & Graham, E. (2012). I felt like a third wheel': fathers' stories of exclusion from the 'parenting team. Journal of Family Studies, 18(2–3), 121–129
  • Crosbie, S., Holm, A., & Dodd, B. (2021). Core vocabulary intervention. In: A. L. Williams, S. McLeod, & R. J. McCauley (Eds.), Intervention for Speech Sound Disorders in Children (2nd ed., pp. 225–250). Paul H. Brooks Publishing Company
  • Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. (1994). Maternal depression and child development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 35(1), 73–112
  • Curtiss, S. L., McBride, B. A., Uchima, K., Laxman, D. J., Santos, R. M., Weglarz-Ward, J., & Kern, J. (2021). Understanding provider attitudes regarding father involvement in early intervention. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 41(2), 147–159
  • Davis, E. F., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Brown, G. L. (2009). The role of infant temperament in stability and change in coparenting across the first year of life. Parenting, Science and Practice, 9(1-2), 143–159
  • Davys, D., Mitchell, D., & Martin, R. (2017). Fathers of people with intellectual disability: a review of the literature. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 21(2), 175–196
  • DeLuccie, M. F. (1995). Mothers as gatekeepers: a model of maternal mediators of father involvement. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156, 115–131
  • Division for Early Childhood of the Council for Exceptional Children. (2014). DEC recommended practices in early intervention/early childhood special education 2014. Accessed January 18, 2024 at: http://www.dec-sped.org/recommendedpractices
  • Dodd, B., Holm, A., Crosbie, S., & McIntosh, B. (2006). A core vocabulary approach for management of inconsistent speech disorder. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 8(3), 220–230
  • Douglas, S. N., Meadan, H., & Kammes, R. (2020). Early interventionists' caregiver coaching: a mixed methods approach exploring experiences and practices. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 40(2), 84–96
  • Dunst, C. J., Hamby, D., Trivette, C. M., Raab, M., & Bruder, M. B. (2000). Everyday family and community life and children's naturally occurring learning opportunities. Journal of Early Intervention, 23(3), 151–164
  • Dunst, C. J., & Trivette, C. M. (2009). Let's be PALS: an evidence-based approach to professional development. Infants and Young Children, 22, 164–176
  • Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: a framework for research and intervention. Parenting, Science and Practice, 3(2), 95–131
  • Flippin, M., & Crais, E. R. (2011). The need for more effective father involvement in early autism intervention: a systematic review and recommendations. Journal of Early Intervention, 33, 24–50
  • Frost, L., & Bondy, A. (2002). Picture Exchange Communication System Training Manual (2nd ed.). Newark: Pyramid Educational Consultants
  • Gable, S., Belsky, J., & Crnic, K. (1995). Coparenting during the child's 2nd year: a descriptive account. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57, 609–616
  • Greenberg, A. L., Tomaino, M. A. E., & Charlop, M. H. (2012). Assessing generalization of the picture exchange communication system in children with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 24, 539–558
  • Guralnick, M. J. (1998). Effectiveness of early intervention for vulnerable children: a developmental perspective. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 102(4), 319–345
  • Guralnick, M. J. (2011). Why early intervention works: a systems perspective. Infants and Young Children, 24(1), 6–28
  • Hartman, A. (1978). Diagrammatic assessment of family relationships. Social Casework, 59(8), 465–476
  • Heidlage, J. K., Cunningham, J. E., Kaiser, A. P., Trivette, C. M., Barton, E. E., Frey, J. R., & Roberts, M. Y. (2020). The effects of parent-implemented language interventions on child linguistic outcomes: a meta-analysis. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 50, 6–23
  • Hintermair, M., & Sarimski, K. (2019). Fathers of deaf and hard-of-hearing infants and toddlers experiences, needs, and challenges. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 24(2), 84–94
  • Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108–446 (2004). Accessed January 18, 2024 at: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/PLAW-108publ446
  • King, A., Gilles, D., & Xu, Y. (2021). Investigating caregiver coaching in an early intervention model for children with hearing loss. Early Child Development and Care, 192, 1–19
  • Kennedy, M., Betts, L., Dunn, T., Sonuga-Barke, E., & Underwood, J. (2015). Applying Pleck's model of paternal involvement to the study of preschool attachment quality: a proof of concept study. Early Child Development and Care, 185(4), 601–613
  • Lamb, M. E. (2010). How do fathers influence children's development? Let me count the ways. In: M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The Role of the Father in Child Development (5th ed., pp. 1–26). New York, NY: Wiley
  • Lippold, M. A., Davis, K. D., Lawson, K. M., & McHale, S. M. (2016). Day-to-day consistency in positive parent–child interactions and youth well-being. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 3584–3592
  • Lucyshyn, J., Horner, R., Dunlap, G., Albin, R., & Ben, K. (2002). Positive behavior support with families. In: J. Lucyshyn, G. Dunlap, & R. Albin (Eds.), Families and Positive Behavior Support: Addressing Problem Behavior in Family Contexts (pp. 3–44). Baltimore: Brookes
  • Machalicek, W., Erturk, B., Gulgatch, L., Wei, Q., Alvarez, K., & St. Joseph, S. (2022). Interventions for Family Members. In: Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment (pp. 1367–1388). Cham: Springer International Publishing
  • McHale, J. P. (2007). Charting the Bumpy Road of Coparenthood: Understanding the Challenges of Family Life. Washington, DC: Zero to Three Press
  • McHale, J. P., & Rasmussen, J. L. (1998). Coparental and family group-level dynamics during infancy: early family precursors of child and family functioning during preschool. Development and Psychopathology, 10(1), 39–59
  • McWilliam, R. A., & Scott, S. (2001). A support approach to early intervention: a three-part framework. Infants and Young Children, 13(4), 55–62
  • McWilliam, R. A., Casey, A. M., & Sims, J. (2009). The routines-based interview: a method for gathering information and assessing needs. Infants and Young Children, 22(3), 224–233
  • Merriam, S. B., & Bierema, L. L. (2013). Adult Learning: Linking Theory and Practice. John Wiley & Sons
  • Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. Jossey-Bass
  • Nicholas, D. B. (2013). Considering fathers of children with a disability in family-centered practice. In: Partnering with Parents: Family-centered Practice in Children's Services, 219. University of Toronto Press
  • Panter-Brick, C., Burgess, A., Eggerman, M., McAllister, F., Pruett, K., & Leckman, J. F. (2014). Practitioner review: engaging fathers–recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 55(11), 1187–1212
  • Petren, R. E., & Puhlman, D. J. (2021). Routines and coparenting as interrelated family management systems. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 13(2), 164–180
  • Powell, D. S., Batsche, C. J., Ferro, J., Fox, L., & Dunlap, G. (1997). A strength-based approach in support of multi-risk families: principles and issues. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 17(1), 1–26
  • Puhlman, D. J., & Pasley, K. (2013). Rethinking maternal gatekeeping. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(3), 176–193
  • Puhlman, D. J., & Pasley, K. (2017). The maternal gatekeeping scale: constructing a measure. Family Relations, 66(5), 824–838
  • Raab, M., & Dunst, C. (2007). Influence of Child Interests on Variations in Child Behavior and Functioning. (Winterberry Research Syntheses Vol. 1, No. 21). Asheville, NC: Winterberry Press
  • Rollè, L., Gullotta, G., Trombetta, T., Curti, L., Gerino, E., Brustia, P., & Caldarera, A. M. (2019). Father involvement and cognitive development in early and middle childhood: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2405
  • Romano, M., & Schnurr, M. (2022). Mind the gap: strategies to bridge the research-to-practice divide in early intervention caregiver coaching practices. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 42(1), 64–76
  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Altenburger, L. E. (2019). Parental gatekeeping. In: Handbook of Parenting (pp. 167–198). Routledge
  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Brown, G. L., Cannon, E. A., Mangelsdorf, S. C., & Sokolowski, M. S. (2008). Maternal gatekeeping, coparenting quality, and fathering behavior in families with infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 389–398
  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Fagan, J. (2020). The evolution of fathering research in the 21st century: persistent challenges, new directions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 175–197
  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Mangelsdorf, S. C. (2012). Parent characteristics and early coparenting behavior at the transition to parenthood. Social Development, 22, 363–383
  • Sik Kim, H. (2011). Consequences of parental divorce for child development. American Sociological Review, 76(3), 487–511
  • Smock, P. J., & Schwartz, C. R. (2020). The demography of families: a review of patterns and change. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 9–34
  • Stewart, S. L., & Applequist, K. (2019). Diverse families in early intervention: professionals' views of coaching. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 33(2), 242–256
  • Tomczuk, L., Stewart, R. E., Beidas, R. S., Mandell, D. S., & Pellecchia, M. (2022). Who gets coached? A qualitative inquiry into community clinicians' decisions to use caregiver coaching. Autism, 26(3), 575–585
  • Trifan, T. A., Stattin, H., & Tilton-Weaver, L. (2014). Have authoritarian parenting practices and roles changed in the last 50 years? Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4), 744–761
  • Trinder, L. (2008). Maternal gate closing and gate opening in postdivorce families. Journal of Family Issues, 29, 1298–1324
  • Varghese, C., & Wachen, J. (2016). The determinants of father involvement and connections to children's literacy and language outcomes: review of the literature. Marriage & Family Review, 52(4), 331–359
  • Warren, S. F., Bredin-Oja, S. L., Fairchild, M. A. R. T. H. A., Finestack, L. H., Fey, M. E., & Brady, N. C. (2006). Responsivity education/prelinguistic milieu teaching. Treatment of Language Disorders in Children, 47–75
  • Woods, J. J., Wilcox, M. J., Friedman, M., & Murch, T. (2011). Collaborative consultation in natural environments: strategies to enhance family-centered supports and services. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 42(3), 379–392
  • Yoder, P. J., & Warren, S. F. (2002). Effects of prelinguistic milieu teaching and parent responsivity education on dyads involving children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 1158–1174