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Klinische Neurophysiologie 2005; 36(4): 165-172
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-866866
Originalia
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Transkranielle Magnetstimulation und funktionelle Bildgebung

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Functional ImagingA.  Flöel1 , C.  Breitenstein1 , 2 , S.  Knecht1 , 2
  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie Münster
  • 2IZKF Münster
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Publication History

Publication Date:
08 December 2005 (online)

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Zusammenfassung

Die transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS) ist eine in den Neurowissenschaften inzwischen weit verbreitete Methode zur Untersuchung neurophysiologischer Prozesse sowie des Zusammenhangs zwischen fokaler Gehirnaktivität und Verhalten. In der folgenden Übersichtsarbeit beschreiben wir zunächst kurz den physikalischen Hintergrund der TMS. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit befasst sich mit den verschiedenen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten einer Kombination aus TMS und funktioneller zerebraler Bildgebung. Die funktionelle Bildgebung kann zum einen genutzt werden, um eine genaue Lokalisation der individuellen TMS-Stimulationsorte zu erhalten. Hierzu haben sich kommerziell erhältliche Neuronavigationsverfahren etabliert (www.brainsight.com; www.nexstim.com). Alternativ kann mit computergestützten Verfahren zur Projektion von Gehirnarealen auf die Kopfoberfläche eine hohe Genauigkeit des Stimulationsortes erzielt werden (http://neurologie.uni-muenster.de/T2T/index.html). Mit der TMS kann dann bestimmt werden, welche funktionelle Relevanz eine regionale kortikale Aktivierung für die Durchführung einer bestimmten Aufgabe hat. In einem weiteren Abschnitt wird beschrieben, wie die funktionelle Bildgebung zeitnah zur Darstellung der durch die TMS induzierten Blutfluss-/Erregbarkeitsänderungen genutzt werden kann. Dies kann sowohl nach der eigentlichen TMS-Stimulation erfolgen als auch (technisch jedoch erheblich aufwändiger) während der Stimulation. Abschließend erfolgt eine Zusammenfassung, wie die Kombination aus TMS und funktioneller Bildgebung zum Verständnis kortikaler Plastizität und therapeutischer Effekte der TMS beitragen kann.

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an important tool in neuroscience for the study of neurophysiology and the relationship between focal brain activity and behaviour. In this contribution, we give first a brief description of the physical background of TMS, and then provide an overview of the combined application of TMS and functional imaging. Initially we describe how imaging can be used to determine the exact localisation for TMS in each individual subject, using commercially available neuronavigational systems (www.brainsight.com; www.nexstim.com) or computer-assisted tools that project brain areas onto the scalp with high precision (http://neurologie.uni-muenster.de/T2T/index.html). TMS is subsequently applied to investigate the functional relevance of the cortical activation in a given task, as assessed by functional imaging. Next, we discuss how functional imaging can be used to visualise TMS-induced changes in blood flow and cortical activity, either at the end of stimulation or, technically more challenging, during stimulation. Finally, we sum up how the combined use of TMS and functional imaging may contribute to the understanding of plasticity in the human cortex and to the therapeutic effects of TMS in various neuropsychiatric disorders.

Key words

Magnetic stimulation - functional imaging - brain - cortical plasticity - therapy

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Agnes Flöel

Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie

Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 33

48129 Münster

Phone: 0251/8349970

Fax: 0251/8348181

Email: floeel@uni-muenster.de