Ultraschalldiagnostik des nichttraumatischen akuten Abdomens: die Ursachen außerhalb des Gastro-Intestinaltraktes

Zusammenfassung

Das Vorgehen in der Notaufnahme bei Patienten mit akuten Bauchschmerzen hat sich in den letzten Jahren grundlegend geändert. In Anbetracht einer immanenten Überlastung bei weiter steigenden Patientenzahlen sind bildgebende Verfahren - insbesondere die Sonographie - zunehmend gewünscht, um schnellstmöglich eine genaue Diagnose zu stellen. Die Ursachen für ein akutes Abdomen sind sehr vielfältig, der sonographierende Arzt muss die Symptome und echographischen Befunde der verschiedenen Erkrankungen gut kennen, um einen effizienten Beitrag zur Diagnostik leisten zu können. Dieser Artikel stellt die sonographischen Befunde bei Erkrankungen der Milz, des Thorax, des Herzens, der Uro-Genitalorgane und der Brust- und Bauchwand sowie bei Pathologien der Aorta und des Retroperitoneums dar, die in der Lage sind, die Symptome eines akuten Abdomens hervorzurufen.

Abstract

In recent years, management of abdominal pain in emergency care units (ECU) has undergone a radical change. Chronic work overload of ECU and increase in severity and complexity of cases required an optimal medical imaging method, such as ultrasound, to establish an accurate diagnosis as quickly as possible. A great variety of causes may cause acute abdominal pain and the role of sonography is to accurately distinguish between these aetiologies. For the application of sonography, perhaps more so than with other imaging methods, a perfect knowledge of sonographical characteristics and technical possibilities is essential to achieve an optimal answer. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the sonographic characteristics of extra-digestive causes of acute abdominal pain such as splenic infarction, thoracic pathologies, urinary and gynaecologic diseases or retroperitoneal pathologies.

Schlüsselwörter

Akutes Abdomen - Bauchschmerzen - Notfall - Ultraschalldiagnostik

Key words

Abdomen, acute - abdominal pain - emergencies - ultrasonography

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