Neurografie des N. Suralis

Zusammenfassung

Die Neurografie des N. suralis hat große Bedeutung in der Diagnose von Polyneuropathien. Dieser Artikel stellt unterschiedliche Untersuchungstechniken mit ihren Vor- und Nachteilen vor, bespricht Messergebnisse und Normalwerte und nennt Anhaltspunkte für die Unterscheidung des axonalen und demyelinisierenden Läsionstyps. Letztlich wird ein Standard für die neurografische Untersuchung und deren Bewertung vorgeschlagen.

Abstract

Nerve conduction studies of the sural nerve are of great importance in the diagnosis of polyneuropathies. This article reviews different examination techniques with their advantages and disadvantages, discusses measurements and normal values and helps to differentiate between axonal and demyelinating nerve pathology. Finally, a standard procedure for the examination and its evaluation is proposed.

Schlüsselwörter

Neurografie - N. Suralis - orthodrome vs. antidrome Technik - Neuropathien - Sonografie

Key words

Neurography - N. suralis - orthodrome - antidromic technique - neuropathy - sonography

• Literatur

• 1 Burke D, Skuse N, Lethlean AK. Sensory conduction of the sural nerve in polyneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1974; 37: 647-652
• 2 Jacobsen AB, Fugelsang-Frederiksen A, Johnsen B. et al. The most sensitive nerves and parameters in electrodiagnosis of polyneuropathies. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 113
• 3 Kiefer R. Krankheiten peripherer Nerven Stuttgart. Kohlhammer; 2011
• 4 Dyck PJ, Carter RE, Litchy WJ. Modeling nerve conduction criteria for diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2011; 44: 340-345
• 5 Weisman A, Brill V, Ngo M. et al. Identification and prediction of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy using individual and simple combinations of nerve conduction study parameters. Plos one 2013; 8: e58783
• 6 Buchner H, Kiefer R. Polyneuropathien in Bischoff Ch. Buchner H. (Hrsg.) SOPs in der klinischen Neurophysiologie. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2018
• 7 Strobel AV, Fugelsang-Frederiksen A, Otto M. et al. Sural sensory nerve conduction studies in demyelinating polyneuropathies. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 112
• 8 Rajabally YA, Narasimhan M. The value of sensory electrophysiology in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118: 1999-2004
• 9 Müller-Vahl H, Mumenthaler M, Stöhr M. et al. Läsionen peripherer Nerven und radikuläre Syndrome. 10. Aufl. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2014
• 10 Dawson GD. The relative excitability and conduction velocity of sensory and motor nerve fibres in man. J Physiol Lond 1956; 131: 436-451
• 11 Buchthal F, Rosenfalck A. Evoked action potentials and conduction velocity in human sensory nerves. Brain Res 1966; 3: 1-122
• 12 Ludin HP. Praktische Elektromyographie. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart: Enke; 1988
• 13 Aminoff MJ. Aminoff´s electrodiagnosis in clinical Neurology Elsevier 6. Ed. 2012;
• 14 Kimura J. Electrodiagnosis in diseases of nerve and muscle Oxford University Press 4. Ed. 2013
• 15 Ganong WF. Lehrbuch der Medizinischen Physiologie. 4. Aufl. 1979. Springer; Heidelberg:
• 16 Amoiridis G, Schöls L, Ameridis N. et al. Motor fibers in the sural nerve of humans. Neurology 1997; 49: 1725-1728
• 17 Bischoff Ch, Dengler R, Hopf HCh. EMG NLG. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2003
• 18 Stöhr M, Pfister R. Klinische Elektromyographie und Neurographie – Lehrbuch und Atlas. 6. Aufl. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer; 2014
• 19 Preston DC, Shapiro BE. Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations. 3. Ed. London: Elsevier; 2013
• 20 Valls-Sole J, Leote J, Pereira P. Antidromic vs. orthodromic sensory median nerve conduction studies. Clinical Neurophysiology Practice 2016; 1: 18-25
• 21 Lorente de No R. A study of nerve physiology. Stud Rockefeller Inst Med Res 1947; 131: 1-496
• 22 Kamm ChP, Scheidegger O, Rösler KM. Ultrasound-guided needle positioning in sensory nerve conduction study of the sural nerve. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120: 1342-1345
• 23 Ferbert A, Florange C, Buchner H. et al. Feldverteilung des Aktionspotenzials des N.suralis. Z EEG EMG 1992; 23: 91-96
• 24 Vogel P. Kursbuch klinische Neurophysiologie. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2006
• 25 Sreenivasan A, Mansukhani KA, Balakrishnan L. Sural nerve potential: A study in healthy Indian subjects. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2016; 19: 312-317
• 26 Horowitz S, Krarup Ch.. Conduction studies of the normal sural nerve. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 374-383
• 27 Kokotis P, Mandellos D, Papagianni A. et al. Normogram for determining lower limit of the sural response. Clin Neurophysiol 2010; 121: 561-563
• 28 Luigetti M, Quaranta D, Modoni A. et al. Nerve conduction studies of the sural nerve: Normative data from a single-center experience. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123: 1891-1892
• 29 Tavee JO, Polston D, Zhou L. et al. Sural sensory nerve action potential, epidermal nerve fiber density, and quantitative sudomotor axon reflex in the healthy elderly. Muscle & Nerve 2014; 49: 564-569
• 30 Rivner MH, Swift TR, Malik K. Influence of age and height on nerve conduction. Muscle & Nerve 2001; 24: 1134-1141
• 31 McDonagh R, Smith IS. Is an absent sural response in the elderly a normal finding? British Soc. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118: e146
• 32 Franssen H, Notermans NC, Wieneke GH. The influence of temperature an nerve conduction in patients with chronic axonal polyneuropathy. Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 110: 933-940
• 33 Asseldonk van JTH, Van den Berg LH, Kalmijn S. et al. Criteria for demyelination based on the maximum slowing due to axonal degeneration, determined after warming in water at 37 C: diagnostic yield in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Brain 2005; 128: 880-891
• 34 Kimura J. Facts, fallacies, and fancies of nerve conduction studies: twenty-first annual Edward H. Lambert Lecture. Muscle Nerve 1997; 20: 777-787
• 35 Claus D, Mustafa C, Vogel W. et al. Assessment of diabetic neuropathy: definition of norm and discrimination of abnormal nerve function. Muscle Nerve 1993; 16: 757-768
• 36 Desdicioglu K, Malas MA, Bahceci S. et al. Anatomical and histological morphometry of the sural nerve in human. J Anat Soc India 2017;
• 37 Ramakrishnan PK, Henry BM, Vikse J. et al. Anatomical variations of the formation and course of the sural nerve: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Anatomy 2015; 202: 36-44
• 38 Malsawmzuali JC, D´Souza AS. The variations in the distribution of sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot. J Anat Soc India 2015; 4: S29
• 39 Tankisi H, Pugdahl K, Otto M. et al. Misinterpretation of sural nerve conduction studies due to anatomical variation. Cin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 2115-2121
• 40 Lambert EH, Dyck PJ. Compound action potentials of sural nerve in vitro in peripheral neuropathy. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1968; 25: 399-400
• 41 Lehmann HJ, Muche H, Schütt P. Refractory period of human sural nerve action potential related to age in healthy probands. Eur Neurol 1977; 15: 85-93
• 42 Raudino F. Nerve refractory period in early polyneuropathies. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 42: 25-29
• 43 Hemmi S, Kurokawa K, Nagai T. et al. A new technique for dorsal sural nerve conduction study with surface strip electrodes. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128: 1214-1219
• 44 Uluc K, Isak B, Borucu D. et al. Medial plantar and dorsal sural nerve conduction studies increase the sensitivity in the detection of neuropathy in diabetic patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 880-885
• 45 Kural MA, Karlsson P, Pugdahl K. et al. Diagnostic utility of distal nerve conduction studies and sural near-nerve needle recording in polyneuropathy. Clin Neurophsiol 2017; 128: 1590-1595
• 46 Guo Y, Palmer JL, Brown XS et al. Sural and radial sensory responses in patients with sensory polyneuropathy. Clin Med Rev Case Rep 2015; 2: PMC
• 47 Kahraman KP, Alibas H, Omercikoglu OH. et al. Medial plantar-to-radial amplitude ratio: does it have electrodiagnostic utility in distal sensory polyneuropathy?. Int J Neurosci 2017; 127: 356-360
• 48 Kroigard Th, Sindrup SH. Diagnostic value of near-nerve recordings of the sural nerve in polyneuropathy patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 1741-1743
• 49 Tankisi H, Kural MA, Pugdahl K. et al. Near-nerve electrode recordinds of sural nerve in patients with polyneuropathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: e35
• 50 Kural MA, Pugdahl K, Fugelsang-Frederiksen A. et al. Near-nerve needle technique versus surface electrode recordings in electrodiagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy. J Cin Neurophysiol 2016; 33: 346-349
• 51 Jacobsen AB, Fugelsang-Frederiksen A, Johnsen A. et al. The most sensitive nerves and parameters in electrodiagnosis of polyneuropathies. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127: e36
• 52 Oh SJ, Hemmi S, Hatanaka Y. Diagnostik markers of axonal degeneration and demyelination in sensory nerve conduction. Muscle Nerve 2016; 53: 866-871
• 53 Tankisi H, Pugdahl K, Fugelsang-Frederiksen A. et al. Pathophysiology inferred from electrodiagnostic nerve tests and classification of polyneuropathies. Suggested guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol 2005; 116: 1571-1580
• 54 Russell JW, Karnes JL, Dyck PJ. Sural nerve myelinated fiber density differnces associated with meaningfull changes in clinical and electrophysiologic measurements. J Neurol Sci 1996; 135: 114-117
• 55 Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL. et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology 1993; 43: 817-824
• 56 Charles M, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Tesfaye S. et al. Low peripheral nerve conduction velocities and amplitudes are strongly related to diabetic microvascular complications in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 2648-2653
• 57 Watson JC, Dyck PJB. Peripheral Neuropathy: a practical approach to diagnosis and symptom management. Mayo Clin Proc 2015; 90: 940-951
• 58 England JD, Asbury AK. Peripheral neuropathy. The Lancet 2004; 363: 2151-2161
• 59 Koike H, Sobue G. Alcoholic neuropathy. Curr Opin Neurol 2006; 19: 481-486
• 60 Alberti MA, Alentron A, Martinez-Yelamos S. et al. Very early elecrodiagnostic findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome JPNS. 2011; 16: 136-142
• 61 Gordon PH, Wilbourn AJ. Early electrodiagnostic findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 913-917
• 62 Vucic S, Dairns KD, Black KR. et al. Neurophysiologic findings in early acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 2329-2335
• 63 Chanson JB, Echaniz-Laguna A. Early elctrodiagnostic abnormalities in acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: A retrospective study of 58 patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 1900-1905
• 64 Umapathi T, Li Z, Verma K. et al. Sural-sparing is seen in axonal as well as demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126: 2376-2380
• 65 Hiew FL, Rajabally YA. Sural sparing in Guillain-Barré syndrome subtypes: a reappraisal with historical and recent definitions. Ciln Neurophysiol 2016; 127: 1683-1688
• 66 Van den Bergh PYK, Hadden PDM, Bouche P. et al. European Federation of neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on management of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a joint task force of the European Federation of Neurological Societies and the Peripheral Nerve Society – First Revision European. J Neurol 2010; 17: 356-363
• 67 Sinnreich M, Klein CJ, Daube JR. et al. Chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy: a possibly treatable sensory ataxia. Neurology 2004; 63: 1662-1669
• 68 Van Dijk GW, Notermans NC, Franssen H. et al. Development of weakness in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and only sensory sympoms at presentation: a long-term follow-up study. J Neurol 1999; 246: 1134-1139
• 69 Sommer C. Suralisbiopsie bei unklarer Polyneuropathie. Pro Nervenarzt 2014; 85: 1016-1017
• 70 Prayson RA, Sedlock DJ. Clinicopathologic study of 43 patients with sural nerve vasculitis. Hum Pathol 2003; 34: 484-490
• 71 Bennett DJH, Groves M, Blake J. et al. The use of nerve and muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of vasculitis: a 5 year retrospective study. J neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2008; 79: 1376-1381
• 72 Sommer C, Üceyler N. Small-Fiber-Neuropathien. Klin Neurophysiol 2017; 48: 63-72
• 73 Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M. et al. World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases.El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 2000; 1: 293-209
• 74 De Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A. et al. Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 497-503
• 75 Mulder DW, Bushek W, Spring E. et al. Motor neuron disease (ALS) Evaluation of detection thresholds of cutaneous sensation. Neurology 1983; 33: 1625-1627
• 76 Leigh PN. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. in: Eisen AA, Shaw PJ. (ed) Handbook of Clinical Neurology Vol. 82 (3ed series) Motor Neuron Disorders and Related Diseases. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007
• 77 Bradley W, Good P, Rasool CG. et al. Morphometric and biochemical studies of peripheral nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 267-277
• 78 Schulte-Mattler WJ, Jakob M, Zierz St.. Focal sensory nerve abnormalities in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1999; 162: 189-193
• 79 Pugdahl K, Fugelsang-Frederiksen A, Johnsen B. etal. A porospective multicentre study on sural nerve action potentials in ALS. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119: 1106-1110
• 80 Isak B, Tankisi H, Johnsen B. et al. Involvement of distal sensory nerves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle & Nerve 2016; 54: 1086-1092
• 81 Behse F, Buchthal F. Sensory action potentials and biopsy of the sural nerve in neuropathy. Brain 1978; 101: 473-493
• 82 Logigian EL, Kelly Jr JJ, Adelman LS. Nerve conduction and biopsy correlation in over 100 consecutive patients with suspected polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1994; 17: 1010-1020
• 83 Young P. Suralisbiopsie bei unklarer Polyneuropathie. Kontra. Nervenarzt 2014; 85: 1018-1019
• 84 Schminke U. Sonografie peripherer Nerven: Relevante Indikationen für die Praxis. Klin Neurophysiol 2016; 47: 173-179
• 85 Kerasnoudis A, Pitarokoili K, Behrendt V. et al. Bochum ultrasound score versus clinical and electrophysiological parameters in distinguishing acute- onset chronic from acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2015; 51: 846-852
• 86 Üceyler N. Ultraschall in der Diagnostik von Polyneuropathien. Akt Neurol 2016; 43: 548-556
• 87 Fugelsang-Frederiksen A, Pugdahl K. Current status on electrodiagnostic standards and guidelines in neuromuscular disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122: 440-455
• 88 Bischoff Ch, Buchner H. SOPs in der klinischen Neurophysiologie. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2018