S2K-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik der idiopathischen Lungenfibrose

Zusammenfassung

Die idiopathische Lungenfibrose (IPF) ist eine schwerwiegende, chronische Lungenerkrankung, deren Diagnosestellung eine profunde fachliche Expertise verlangt. Seit Veröffentlichung der internationalen IPF-Leitlinie im Jahr 2011 mit Update 2018 haben zahlreiche Studien und technische Fortschritte eine Neubewertung des diagnostischen Vorgehens notwendig gemacht. Angesichts der Indikation, symptomatischen Patienten eine antifibrotische Therapie sofort nach Diagnosestellung zu empfehlen, hat die aktuelle IPF-Diagnostik-Leitlinie zum Ziel, die Diagnose der IPF möglichst ohne Verzögerung, wenig invasiv und zuverlässig zu ermöglichen. Sie beschreibt den typischen klinischen Kontext der IPF sowie die Untersuchungen, die zum Ausschluss bekannter Ursachen einer Lungenfibrose erforderlich sind, einschließlich standardisierter Anamneseerhebung, serologischer Testungen und zellulärer Analyse der bronchoalveolären Lavage. Zentrale Bedeutung kommt dem hochauflösenden Computertomogramm in Dünnschichttechnik zu. Sofern eine Histologie zur Diagnoseeingrenzung erforderlich ist, soll diese in erster Linie mittels der transbronchialen Lungen-Kryobiopsie gewonnen werden. Die chirurgische Lungenbiopsie soll Patienten vorbehalten bleiben, die in ausreichender Verfassung für diesen Eingriff sind und bei denen die endoskopische Diagnostik keine Klärung der Diagnose ergab. Goldstandard ist auch weiterhin die interdisziplinäre Diskussion der erhobenen Befunde, um nach Ausschluss anderer Formen chronisch progredienter Lungenfibrosen die Diagnose der IPF zu stellen.

Abstract

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe and often fatal disease. Diagnosis of IPF requires considerable expertise and experience. Since publication of the international IPF guideline in the year 2011 and Update 2018 several studies and technical advances occurred, which made a new assessment of the diagnostic process mandatory. In view of the antifibrotic drugs which have been approved for the treatment of IPF patients, the goal of this guideline is to foster early, confident and effective diagnosis of IPF. The guideline focusses on the typical clinical setting of an IPF patient and provides tools to exclude known causes of interstitial lung disease including standardised questionnaires, serologic testing and cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage. High resolution computed tomography remains crucial in the diagnostic work-up. If it is necessary to obtain specimen for histology transbronchial lung cryobiopsy is the primary approach, while surgical lung biopsy is reserved for patients who are fit for it and in whom bronchoscopic diagnosis did not provide the information needed. Despite considerable progress, IPF remains a diagnosis of exclusion and multidisciplinary discussion remains the golden standard of diagnosis.

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
30. März 2020

• 16 Literatur

• 1 Behr J, Gunther A, Ammenwerth W. et al. [German guideline for diagnosis and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]. Pneumologie 2013; 67: 81-111
• 2 Behr J, Gunther A, Bonella F. et al. [German Guideline for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis – Update on Pharmacological Therapies 2017]. Pneumologie 2017; 71: 460-474
• 3 Schunemann HJ, Jaeschke R, Cook DJ. et al. An official ATS statement: grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in ATS guidelines and recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174: 605-614
• 4 Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM. et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: 733-748
• 5 Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Myers JL. et al. Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 198: e44-e68
• 6 Wells AU, Brown KK, Flaherty KR. Group IPFCW. et al. What's in a name? That which we call IPF, by any other name would act the same. Eur Respir J 2018; 51: 1800692
• 7 Olson AL, Gifford AH, Inase N. et al. The epidemiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung diseases at risk of a progressive-fibrosing phenotype. Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27: 180077
• 8 Duchemann B, Annesi-Maesano I, Jacobe de Naurois C. et al. Prevalence and incidence of interstitial lung diseases in a multi-ethnic county of Greater Paris. Eur Respir J 2017; 50: 1602419
• 9 Wuyts WA, Dahlqvist C, Slabbynck H. et al. Baseline clinical characteristics, comorbidities and prescribed medication in a real-world population of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the PROOF registry. BMJ Open Respir Res 2018; 5: e000331
• 10 Collard HR, Tino G, Noble PW. et al. Patient experiences with pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2007; 101: 1350-1354
• 11 Richeldi L, du Bois RM, Raghu G. et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2071-2082
• 12 Noble PW, Albera C, Bradford WZ. et al. Pirfenidone for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of pooled data from three multinational phase 3 trials. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 243-253
• 13 King Jr TE, Bradford WZ, Castro-Bernardini S. et al. A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2083-2092
• 14 Behr J, Kreuter M, Hoeper MM. et al. Management of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in clinical practice: the INSIGHTS-IPF registry. Eur Respir J 2015; 46: 186-196
• 15 Ferrara G, Carlson L, Palm A. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Sweden: report from the first year of activity of the Swedish IPF-Registry. Eur Clin Respir J 2016; 3: 31090
• 16 Jo HE, Glaspole I, Grainge C. et al. Baseline characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis from the Australian Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Registry. Eur Respir J 2017; 49: 1601592
• 17 Guenther A, Krauss E, Tello S. et al. The European IPF registry (eurIPFreg): baseline characteristics and survival of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2018; 19: 141
• 18 Doubkova M, Svancara J, Svoboda M. et al. EMPIRE Registry, Czech Part: Impact of demographics, pulmonary function and HRCT on survival and clinical course in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Clin Respir J 2018; 12: 1526-1535
• 19 Torrisi SE, Ley B, Kreuter M. et al. The added value of comorbidities in predicting survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a multicentre observational study. Eur Respir J 2019; 53: 1801587
• 20 Nadrous HF, Myers JL, Decker PA. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in patients younger than 50 years. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80: 37-40
• 21 Ley B, Collard HR, King Jr TE. Clinical course and prediction of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 431-40
• 22 Kolb M, Richeldi L, Behr J. et al. Nintedanib in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and preserved lung volume. Thorax 2017; 72: 340-346
• 23 Costabel U, Crestani B, Wells A. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. ERS Monograph. 2016: 71
• 24 Kreuter M, Ehlers-Tenenbaum S, Palmowski K. et al. Impact of Comorbidities on Mortality in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0151425
• 25 Raghu G, Amatto VC, Behr J. et al. Comorbidities in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a systematic literature review. Eur Respir J 2015; 46: 1113-1130
• 26 Costabel U, Behr J, Crestani B. et al. Anti-acid therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: insights from the INPULSIS(R) trials. Respir Res 2018; 19: 167
• 27 Kato E, Takayanagi N, Takaku Y. et al. Incidence and predictive factors of lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ERJ Open Res 2018; 4: 00111-2016
• 28 Ozawa Y, Suda T, Naito T. et al. Cumulative incidence of and predictive factors for lung cancer in IPF. Respirology 2009; 14: 723-728
• 29 Tomassetti S, Gurioli C, Ryu JH. et al. The impact of lung cancer on survival of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Chest 2015; 147: 157-164
• 30 Song JW, Hong SB, Lim CM. et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 356-363
• 31 Collard HR, Ryerson CJ, Corte TJ. et al. Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An International Working Group Report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194: 265-275
• 32 Lynch DA, Sverzellati N, Travis WD. et al. Diagnostic criteria for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a Fleischner Society White Paper. Lancet Respir Med 2018; 6: 138-153
• 33 Kubo T, Lin PJ, Stiller W. et al. Radiation dose reduction in chest CT: a review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008; 190: 335-343
• 34 Remy-Jardin M, Campistron P, Amara A. et al. Usefulness of coronal reformations in the diagnostic evaluation of infiltrative lung disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003; 27: 266-273
• 35 Mayo JR. CT evaluation of diffuse infiltrative lung disease: dose considerations and optimal technique. J Thorac Imaging 2009; 24: 252-259
• 36 Nagel H, Hering K, Hieckel H. et al. Protokollempfehlungen der AG DRauE zur Durchführung von Low-Dose-Volumen-HRCT-Untersuchungen der Lunge. Fortschr Röntengstr 2017; 189: 553-567
• 37 Miller Jr WT, Chatzkel J, Hewitt MG. Expiratory air trapping on thoracic computed tomography. A diagnostic subclassification. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014; 11: 874-881
• 38 Kim M, Lee SM, Song JW. et al. Added value of prone CT in the assessment of honeycombing and classification of usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Eur J Radiol 2017; 91: 66-70
• 39 Bankier AA, O’Donnell CR, Boiselle PM. Quality initiatives. Respiratory instructions for CT examinations of the lungs: a hands-on guide. Radiographics 2008; 28: 919-931
• 40 Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H. et al. Fleischner Society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology 2008; 246: 697-722
• 41 Wormanns D, Hamer O. Glossar thoraxradiologischer Begriffe entsprechend der Terminologie der Fleischner Society. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2015; 187: 638-661
• 42 Watadani T, Sakai F, Johkoh T. et al. Interobserver variability in the CT assessment of honeycombing in the lungs. Radiology 2013; 266: 936-944
• 43 Lynch DA, Godwin JD, Safrin S. et al. High-resolution computed tomography in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 488-493
• 44 Walsh SL, Sverzellati N, Devaraj A. et al. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: high resolution computed tomography patterns and pulmonary function indices as prognostic determinants. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 1672-1679
• 45 Edey AJ, Devaraj AA, Barker RP. et al. Fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: HRCT findings that predict mortality. Eur Radiol 2011; 21: 1586-1593
• 46 Remy-Jardin M, Giraud F, Remy J. et al. Importance of ground-glass attenuation in chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease: pathologic-CT correlation. Radiology 1993; 189: 693-698
• 47 Akira M, Kozuka T, Yamamoto S. et al. Computed tomography findings in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 372-378
• 48 Collard HR, Moore BB, Flaherty KR. et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 636-643
• 49 Gruden JF, Panse PM, Leslie KO. et al. UIP diagnosed at surgical lung biopsy, 2000-2009: HRCT patterns and proposed classification system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200: W458-467
• 50 Tcherakian C, Cottin V, Brillet PY. et al. Progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: lessons from asymmetrical disease. Thorax 2011; 66: 226-231
• 51 Hunninghake GW, Zimmerman MB, Schwartz DA. et al. Utility of a lung biopsy for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 193-196
• 52 Swensen SJ, Aughenbaugh GL, Myers JL. Diffuse lung disease: diagnostic accuracy of CT in patients undergoing surgical biopsy of the lung. Radiology 1997; 205: 229-234
• 53 Raghu G, Mageto YN, Lockhart D. et al. The accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of new-onset idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial lung disease: A prospective study. Chest 1999; 116: 1168-1174
• 54 Souza CA, Muller NL, Lee KS. et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: prevalence of mediastinal lymph node enlargement in 206 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 995-999
• 55 Egashira R, Jacob J, Kokosi MA. et al. Diffuse Pulmonary Ossification in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases: Prevalence and Associations. Radiology 2017; 284: 255-263
• 56 Reddy TL, von der Thusen J, Walsh SL. Idiopathic dendriform pulmonary ossification. J Thorac Imaging 2012; 27: W108-110
• 57 Reddy TL, Tominaga M, Hansell DM. et al. Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis: a spectrum of histopathological and imaging phenotypes. Eur Respir J 2012; 40: 377-385
• 58 Inomata M, Ikushima S, Awano N. et al. An autopsy study of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: correlations among clinical, radiological, and pathological features. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14: 104
• 59 Chung JH, Chawla A, Peljto AL. et al. CT scan findings of probable usual interstitial pneumonitis have a high predictive value for histologic usual interstitial pneumonitis. Chest 2015; 147: 450-459
• 60 Salisbury ML, Xia M, Murray S. et al. Predictors of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in absence of radiologic honeycombing: A cross sectional analysis in ILD patients undergoing lung tissue sampling. Respir Med 2016; 118: 88-95
• 61 Yagihashi K, Huckleberry J, Colby TV. et al. Radiologic-pathologic discordance in biopsy-proven usual interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 1189-1197
• 62 Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ. et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 788-824
• 63 Langer F, Stark H, Braubach P. et al. [Injury patterns in interstitial lung diseases]. Pathologe 2018; 39 (Suppl. 02) 262-271
• 64 Fink L. [Interstitial lung diseases. The pattern is important]. Pathologe 2014; 35: 597-605
• 65 Singh S, Collins BF, Sharma BB. et al. Interstitial Lung Disease in India. Results of a Prospective Registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195: 801-813
• 66 Salisbury ML, Myers JL, Belloli EA. et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonia. Where We Stand and Where We Need to Go. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196: 690-699
• 67 Vasakova M, Morell F, Walsh S. et al. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Perspectives in Diagnosis and Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196: 680-689
• 68 Kreuter M, Ochmann U, Koschel D. et al. [DGP Interstitial Lung Disease Patient Questionnaire]. Pneumologie 2018; 72: 446-457
• 69 Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Yokoyama T. et al. Occupational and environmental factors and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Japan. Ann Occup Hyg 2005; 49: 259-265
• 70 Iwai K, Mori T, Yamada N. et al. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiologic approaches to occupational exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 670-675
• 71 Hubbard R, Cooper M, Antoniak M. et al. Risk of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis in metal workers. Lancet 2000; 355: 466-467
• 72 Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Stidley CA. et al. Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 242-248
• 73 Johnston ID, Prescott RJ, Chalmers JC. et al. British Thoracic Society study of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis: current presentation and initial management. Fibrosing Alveolitis Subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Thorax 1997; 52: 38-44
• 74 Hubbard R, Lewis S, Richards K. et al. Occupational exposure to metal or wood dust and aetiology of cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Lancet 1996; 347: 284-289
• 75 Gustafson T, Dahlman-Hoglund A, Nilsson K. et al. Occupational exposure and severe pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med 2007; 101: 2207-2212
• 76 Fischer A, Antoniou KM, Brown KK. et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society research statement: interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features. Eur Respir J 2015; 46: 976-987
• 77 Lega JC, Reynaud Q, Belot A. et al. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and the lung. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24: 216-238
• 78 Lee W, Chung WS, Hong KS. et al. Clinical usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis and lymphocyte subsets in diffuse interstitial lung diseases. Ann Lab Med 2015; 35: 220-225
• 79 Schildge J, Frank J, Klar B. [The Role of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Investigation of the Relevance of the Protein Content]. Pneumologie 2016; 70: 435-441
• 80 Nagai S, Kitaichi M, Itoh H. et al. Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis: comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and BOOP. Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 1010-1019
• 81 Ohshimo S, Bonella F, Cui A. et al. Significance of bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 1043-1047
• 82 Efared B, Ebang-Atsame G, Rabiou S. et al. The diagnostic value of the bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung diseases. J Negat Results Biomed 2017; 16: 4
• 83 Welker L, Jorres RA, Costabel U. et al. Predictive value of BAL cell differentials in the diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 1000-1006
• 84 Ryu YJ, Chung MP, Han J. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in fibrotic idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Respir Med 2007; 101: 655-660
• 85 Veeraraghavan S, Latsi PI, Wells AU. et al. BAL findings in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 239-244
• 86 Schildge J, Nagel C, Grun C. Bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung diseases: does the recovery rate affect the results?. Respiration 2007; 74: 553-557
• 87 Ayed AK. Video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease. A prospective study. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2003; 44: 115-118
• 88 Morris D, Zamvar V. The efficacy of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lung biopsies in patients with Interstitial Lung Disease: a retrospective study of 66 patients. J Cardiothorac Surg 2014; 9: 45
• 89 Bagheri R, Haghi SZ, Attaran D. et al. Efficacy of minimally invasive surgery in diagnosis of interstitial lung disease. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2015; 23: 851-854
• 90 Bando M, Ohno S, Hosono T. et al. Risk of Acute Exacerbation After Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsy for Interstitial Lung Disease. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2009; 16: 229-235
• 91 Blackhall V, Asif M, Renieri A. et al. The role of surgical lung biopsy in the management of interstitial lung disease: experience from a single institution in the UK. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2013; 17: 253-257
• 92 Blanco M, Obeso GA, Duran JC. et al. Surgical lung biopsy for diffuse lung disease. Our experience in the last 15 years. Rev Port Pneumol 2013; 19: 59-64
• 93 Blewett CJ, Bennett WF, Miller JD. et al. Open lung biopsy as an outpatient procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 1113-1115
• 94 Fibla JJ, Brunelli A, Allen MS. et al. Do the number and volume of surgical lung biopsies influence the diagnostic yield in interstitial lung disease? A propensity score analysis. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51: 76-79
• 95 Guerra M, Miranda JA, Leal F. et al. Interstitial lung disease: diagnostic accuracy and safety of surgical lung biopsy. Rev Port Pneumol 2009; 15: 433-442
• 96 Ishie RT, Cardoso JJ, Silveira RJ. et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 35: 234-241
• 97 Kayatta MO, Ahmed S, Hammel JA. et al. Surgical biopsy of suspected interstitial lung disease is superior to radiographic diagnosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96: 399-401
• 98 Khalil M, Cowen M, Chaudhry M. et al. Single versus multiple lung biopsies for suspected interstitial lung disease. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2016; 24: 788-791
• 99 Kreider ME, Hansen-Flaschen J, Ahmad NN. et al. Complications of video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy in patients with interstitial lung disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83: 1140-1144
• 100 Luo Q, Han Q, Chen X. et al. The diagnosis efficacy and safety of video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS) in undefined interstitial lung diseases: a retrospective study. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5: 283-288
• 101 Miller JD, Urschel JD, Cox G. et al. A randomized, controlled trial comparing thoracoscopy and limited thoracotomy for lung biopsy in interstitial lung disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1647-1650
• 102 Ooi A, Iyenger S, Ferguson J. et al. VATS lung biopsy in suspected, diffuse interstitial lung disease provides diagnosis, and alters management strategies. Heart Lung Circ 2005; 14: 90-92
• 103 Pompeo E, Rogliani P, Cristino B. et al. Awake thoracoscopic biopsy of interstitial lung disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95: 445-452
• 104 Qureshi RA, Ahmed TA, Grayson AD. et al. Does lung biopsy help patients with interstitial lung disease?. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 21: 621-626 discussion 6
• 105 Rotolo N, Imperatori A, Dominioni L. et al. Efficacy and safety of surgical lung biopsy for interstitial disease. Experience of 161 consecutive patients from a single institution in Italy. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2015; 32: 251-258
• 106 Samejima J, Tajiri M, Ogura T. et al. Thoracoscopic lung biopsy in 285 patients with diffuse pulmonary disease. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2015; 23: 191-197
• 107 Sigurdsson MI, Isaksson HJ, Gudmundsson G. et al. Diagnostic surgical lung biopsies for suspected interstitial lung diseases: a retrospective study. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88: 227-232
• 108 Sonobe M, Handa T, Tanizawa K. et al. Videothoracoscopy-assisted surgical lung biopsy for interstitial lung diseases. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 62: 376-382
• 109 Tomassetti S, Wells AU, Costabel U. et al. Bronchoscopic Lung Cryobiopsy Increases Diagnostic Confidence in the Multidisciplinary Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193: 745-752
• 110 Ravaglia C, Bonifazi M, Wells AU. et al. Safety and Diagnostic Yield of Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy in Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases: A Comparative Study versus Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lung Biopsy and a Systematic Review of the Literature. Respiration 2016; 91: 215-227
• 111 Morell F, Reyes L, Domenech G. et al. [Diagnoses and diagnostic procedures in 500 consecutive patients with clinical suspicion of interstitial lung disease]. Arch Bronconeumol 2008; 44: 185-191
• 112 Findikcioglu A, Kilic D, Karadayi S. et al. Is surgical biopsy necessary for diagnosis of interstitial lung disease: retrospective clinical study. J Clin Anal Med 2014; 5: 204-208
• 113 Fisher JH, Shapera S, To T. et al. Procedure volume and mortality after surgical lung biopsy in interstitial lung disease. Eur Respir J 2019; 53: 1801164
• 114 Han Q, Luo Q, Chen X. et al. The evaluation of clinical usefulness of transbrochoscopic lung biopsy in undefined interstitial lung diseases: a retrospective study. Clin Respir J 2017; 11: 168-175
• 115 Sindhwani G, Shirazi N, Sodhi R. et al. Transbronchial lung biopsy in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease without ‘idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patternʼ on HRCT scan – Experience from a tertiary care center of North India. Lung India 2015; 32: 453-456
• 116 Sheth JS, Belperio JA, Fishbein MC. et al. Utility of Transbronchial vs Surgical Lung Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Suspected Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease. Chest 2017; 151: 389-399
• 117 Pajares V, Puzo C, Castillo D. et al. Diagnostic yield of transbronchial cryobiopsy in interstitial lung disease: a randomized trial. Respirology 2014; 19: 900-906
• 118 Pourabdollah M, Shamaei M, Karimi S. et al. Transbronchial lung biopsy: the pathologist's point of view. Clin Respir J 2016; 10: 211-216
• 119 Ramaswamy A, Homer R, Killam J. et al. Comparison of Transbronchial and Cryobiopsies in Evaluation of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2016; 23: 14-21
• 120 Wall CP, Gaensler EA, Carrington CB. et al. Comparison of transbronchial and open biopsies in chronic infiltrative lung diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 280-285
• 121 Kim SY, Diggans J, Pankratz D. et al. Classification of usual interstitial pneumonia in patients with interstitial lung disease: assessment of a machine learning approach using high-dimensional transcriptional data. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3: 473-482
• 122 Pankratz DG, Choi Y, Imtiaz U. et al. Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Can Be Detected in Transbronchial Biopsies Using Machine Learning. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017; 14: 1646-1654
• 123 Cascante JA, Cebollero P, Herrero S. et al. Transbronchial Cryobiopsy in Interstitial Lung Disease: Are We on the Right Path?. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2016; 23: 204-209
• 124 Fruchter O, Fridel L, El Raouf BA. et al. Histological diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases by cryo-transbronchial biopsy. Respirology 2014; 19: 683-688
• 125 Griff S, Schonfeld N, Ammenwerth W. et al. Diagnostic yield of transbronchial cryobiopsy in non-neoplastic lung disease: a retrospective case series. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14: 171
• 126 Hagmeyer L, Theegarten D, Treml M. et al. Validation of transbronchial cryobiopsy in interstitial lung disease – interim analysis of a prospective trial and critical review of the literature. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2016; 33: 2-9
• 127 Hernandez-Gonzalez F, Lucena CM, Ramirez J. et al. Cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease: yield and cost-effectiveness analysis. Arch Bronconeumol 2015; 51: 261-267
• 128 Kronborg-White S, Folkersen B, Rasmussen TR. et al. Introduction of cryobiopsies in the diagnostics of interstitial lung diseases – experiences in a referral center. Eur Clin Respir J 2017; 4: 1274099
• 129 Kropski JA, Pritchett JM, Mason WR. et al. Bronchoscopic cryobiopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease. PLoS One 2013; 8: e78674
• 130 Ussavarungsi K, Kern RM, Roden AC. et al. Transbronchial Cryobiopsy in Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease: Retrospective Analysis of 74 Cases. Chest 2017; 151: 400-408
• 131 Hetzel J, Eberhardt R, Petermann C. et al. Bleeding risk of transbronchial cryobiopsy compared to transbronchial forceps biopsy in interstitial lung disease – a prospective, randomized, multicentre cross-over trial. Respir Res 2019; 20: 140
• 132 Hagmeyer L, Theegarten D, Wohlschlager J. et al. Transbronchial cryobiopsy in fibrosing interstitial lung disease: modifications of the procedure lead to risk reduction. Thorax 2019; 74: 711-714
• 133 Romagnoli M, Colby TV, Berthet JP. et al. Poor Concordance between Sequential Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsy and Surgical Lung Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Diffuse Interstitial Lung Diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199: 1249-1256
• 134 Troy LK, Grainge C, Corte TJ. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy for interstitial lung disease diagnosis (COLDICE): a prospective, comparative study. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: 171-181
• 135 Ravaglia C, Wells AU, Tomassetti S. et al. Diagnostic yield and risk/benefit analysis of trans-bronchial lung cryobiopsy in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases: a large cohort of 699 patients. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19: 16
• 136 Lentz RJ, Argento AC, Colby TV. et al. Transbronchial cryobiopsy for diffuse parenchymal lung disease: a state-of-the-art review of procedural techniques, current evidence, and future challenges. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9: 2186-2203
• 137 Walscher J, Gross B, Eberhardt R. et al. Transbronchial Cryobiopsies for Diagnosing Interstitial Lung Disease: Real-Life Experience from a Tertiary Referral Center for Interstitial Lung Disease. Respiration 2019; 97: 348-354
• 138 Lentz RJ, Taylor TM, Kropski JA. et al. Utility of Flexible Bronchoscopic Cryobiopsy for Diagnosis of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases. J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol 2018; 25: 88-96
• 139 Cooley J, Balestra R, Aragaki-Nakahodo AA. et al. Safety of performing transbronchial lung cryobiopsy on hospitalized patients with interstitial lung disease. Respir Med 2018; 140: 71-76
• 140 Dhooria S, Mehta RM, Srinivasan A. et al. The safety and efficacy of different methods for obtaining transbronchial lung cryobiopsy in diffuse lung diseases. Clin Respir J 2018; 12: 1711-1720
• 141 Bondue B, Pieters T, Alexander P. et al. Role of Transbronchial Lung Cryobiopsies in Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases: Interest of a Sequential Approach. Pulm Med 2017; 2017: 6794343
• 142 Sharp C, McCabe M, Adamali H. et al. Use of transbronchial cryobiopsy in the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease-a systematic review and cost analysis. QJM 2017; 110: 207-214
• 143 Hetzel J, Maldonado F, Ravaglia C. et al. Transbronchial Cryobiopsies for the Diagnosis of Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Diseases: Expert Statement from the Cryobiopsy Working Group on Safety and Utility and a Call for Standardization of the Procedure. Respiration 2018; 95: 188-200
• 144 Chaudhuri N, Spencer L, Greaves M. et al. A Review of the Multidisciplinary Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Retrospective Analysis in a Single UK Specialist Centre. J Clin Med 2016; 5: E66
• 145 Thomeer M, Demedts M, Behr J. et al. Multidisciplinary interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 585-591
• 146 Jo HE, Glaspole IN, Levin KC. et al. Clinical impact of the interstitial lung disease multidisciplinary service. Respirology 2016; 21: 1438-1444
• 147 Theegarten D, Muller HM, Bonella F. et al. Diagnostic approach to interstitial pneumonias in a single centre: report on 88 cases. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7: 160
• 148 White ES, Xia M, Murray S. et al. Plasma Surfactant Protein-D, Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, and Osteopontin Index Distinguishes Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis from Other Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194: 1242-1251
• 149 Morais A, Beltrao M, Sokhatska O. et al. Serum metalloproteinases 1 and 7 in the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other interstitial pneumonias. Respir Med 2015; 109: 1063-1068
• 150 Flaherty KR, King Jr TE, Raghu G. et al. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia: what is the effect of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 904-910
• 151 Hutchinson JP, Fogarty AW, McKeever TM. et al. In-Hospital Mortality after Surgical Lung Biopsy for Interstitial Lung Disease in the United States. 2000 to 2011. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193: 1161-1167