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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1242792
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
UV-Risikowahrnehmung in der Bevölkerung: Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Umfrage in Deutschland
UV Risk Perception by the General Public: Results of a Representative Questionnaire in GermanyPublikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
04. Januar 2010 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie: Aus Sicht der Gesundheitsvorsorge ist es von Interesse zu wissen, wie in der Bevölkerung der Risikofaktor „UV-Exposition” einschätzt wird, d. h. welche Risikowahrnehmung hierzu vorliegt und mit welchen anderen Einstellungen und Überzeugungen diese zusammenhängt. Ziel der Studie war es, repräsentative Daten über die UV-Risikowahrnehmung in Deutschland zu erheben.
Methode: Für diese Studie wurden in den Monaten Mai bis Juli 2007 insgesamt 1 501 Personen nach dem ADM Design in Deutschland mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens telefonisch befragt. Neben dem Risikowissen wurde die Relevanz von Risikothemen in Alltagswissen sowie die Gefahrenbewertung erfasst. Darüber hinaus wurden auch Daten zum subjektiven Nutzen der UV-Exposition erfasst.
Ergebnisse: Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Risikowahrnehmung bezüglich der UV-Exposition differenziert beurteilt werden muss. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass das Wissen um UV Risiken keine wesentlichen Lücken aufweist. Die Befragten halten es für hochwahrscheinlich, dass Schäden wie Hautkrebs, Hautalterung und Sonnebrand durch UV-Exposition verursacht werden. Die Befragten wurden gebeten anzugeben, wie oft sie in den letzten zwei Wochen an eine Reihe von Gesundheitsrisiken gedacht haben. Dieser Teil der Befragung zeigt, dass die Präsenz von UV-Risiken im Alltagsdenken durchaus vorhanden ist, allerdings nicht dominiert. Damit einhergeht, dass die Risikobewertung eher moderat ist. Der Mittelwert für die Einschätzung der persönlichen Gefährdung ist M=5,1, sie liegt also in der Mitte der vorgegebenen 10-Punkte Skala. Bezüglich des persönlichen UV-Risikos zeigt sich, dass die schwerwiegenden Gesundheitsschäden − Hautkrebs und Grauer Star − keinerlei Erklärungskraft haben. Auch die Wahrnehmung des Nutzens von UV-Exposition hat nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die UV-bezogene Risikowahrnehmung.
Schlussfolgerung: Zusammenfassend lässt sich festhalten, dass die Einschätzung der Gesundheitsrisiken durch UV-Exposition in der Bevölkerung durchaus realistisch ist, sie aber in keinem Zusammenhang mit der Einschätzung des persönlichen Risikos steht. Man muss also davon ausgehen, dass die Aufklärung über UV-bedingte Gesundheitsrisiken nicht unbedingt zu einer veränderten Einschätzung des persönlichen UV-Risikos führt. Die UV-Risikokommunikation sollte demnach nicht nur auf die Vermittlung von Risikowissen ausgerichtet sein, sondern auch motivationale Aspekte und die Nutzenwahrnehmung der UV-Exposition ansprechen.
Abstract
Aim of the Study: For public health promotion purposes it is important to know how the general public perceives the risk factor “UV exposure” and how UV risk perception is connected to health-related attitudes and beliefs. The aim of the study was to collect representative data about UV risk perception in Germany.
Methods: A representative telephone survey using the ADM design was carried out among 1 501 German residents between May and July 2007. Variables related to UV risk knowledge, relevance of risk topics in every-day thinking and risk estimates were investigated. Data regarding a subjective benefit evaluation of UV exposition was also collected.
Results: The results suggest no essential gaps in the general knowledge about UV risks, except for the underestimation of UV-related cataracts. The respondents thought it extremely likely that UV exposure would cause health damage such as skin cancer, photoaging or sun burns. People were asked to report how often they had thought about a number of health risks including UV risks in the last two weeks. It was established that UV risks are present but not dominant in people’s every-day thinking. Along with it, the risk evaluation proves to be rather moderate. The mean value for respondents’ perceived personal risk is M=5.1, in the midsection of the given 10-point scale. The results show that perceived personal risk is not influenced by the serious UV health risks such as cancer or cataracts. The results also indicate that UV benefit and UV risk perception are not strongly related to one another.
Conclusions: In summary, participants’ perception and assessment of the various health risks of UV exposure seem to be realistic, but the UV risk assessment it is not related to the perception of personal risk. One must therefore assume that UV health risk information and education campaigns do not necessarily lead to a change in the perception of personal UV risk. Rather than addressing primarily risk knowledge, UV risk communication should focus more on motivational aspects and consider the role of UV benefit perception.
Schlüsselwörter
UV-Exposition - Risikowahrnehmung - Risikobewertung - Risikokommunikation - Nutzenwahrnehmung
Key words
UV exposure - risk perception - benefit perception - risk communication - risk evaluation
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1 Siehe Arbeitsgemeinschaft Dermatologische Prävention: http://www.unserehaut.de/adp/unsere-haut/hautkrebs.html
Korrespondenzadresse
F. Börner
Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH
Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin INM-8
52425 Jülich
eMail: f.boerner@fz-juelich.de