RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1250027
Potential of Cameroonian Plants and Derived Products against Microbial Infections: A Review
Publikationsverlauf
received February 8, 2010
revised April 29, 2010
accepted May 5, 2010
Publikationsdatum:
08. Juni 2010 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/plantamedica/201014/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0030-1250027-1.jpg)
Abstract
In Cameroon, infectious diseases are amongst the most commonly notified diseases and largest cause of mortality. Many plants are used locally in traditional medicine for their treatment. The aim of the present review is to summarize currently available evidence and knowledge concerning Cameroonian plants used to treat bacterial and fungal infections, and the efficacy of plant-derived extracts and compounds. The traditional uses of plants in the treatment of infectious diseases have been collected and tabulated. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts and the chemical constituents of most of these plants are summarized in this report. Plants used traditionally in Cameroonian medicine, with laboratory work on any part or products, have been documented. Numerous extracts and compounds have been tested for antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal efficacy and some of them were significantly active. Most of the bioactive compounds isolated were phenolics and alkaloids. In conclusion, many plant species are used in traditional medicine in Cameroon to treat infectious diseases, and several interesting openings have originated for further inquiry following in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation. However, much work is still to be done to standardize methods and cut-off points for describing the antimicrobial activity, and on the study of the mechanisms of action.
Key words
infectious diseases - bacteria - fungi - medicinal plants - bioactive compounds - Cameroon
References
- 1 Céspedes C L, Avila G, Martinez A, Serrato B, Calderon-Mugica J C, Salgado-Garciglia R. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Mexican tarragon (Tagetes lucida). J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54 3521-3527
- 2 Penso G. Index Plantarum Medicinalium Totius Mundicorunque Synoni Morum. Milano; Organizacione Editoriale Medico Farmaceutica 1982
- 3 Biyiti L, Pesando D, Puiseux-Dao S. Antimicrobial activity of two flavanones isolated from the Cameroonian plant Erythrina sigmoidea. Planta Med. 1988; 54 126-128
- 4 Kuete V, Tangmouo J G, Beng V P, Nguemfo E L, Mofo F, Etoa F X, Lontsi D, Samreen I A. Activités antibactérienne et cytotoxique in vitro de différents extraits des écorces du tronc de Diospyros canaliculata (Ebenaceae). West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res. 2004; 30 22-25
- 5 Mbaveng A T, Ngameni B, Kuete V, Konga Simo I, Ambassa P, Roy R, Bezabih M, Etoa F X, Ngadjui B T, Abegaz B M, Meyer J J M, Lall N, Beng V P. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and five flavonoids from the twigs of Dorstenia barteri (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 116 483-489
- 6 Ngameni B, Kuete V, Konga Simo I, Mbaveng A T, Awoussong P K, Patnam R, Roy R, Ngadjui B T. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of the crude extract and compounds from Dorstenia turbinata (Moraceae). S Afr J Bot. 2009; 75 256-261
- 7 WHO .WHO Guideline for the Assessment of herbal Medicines, WHO expert committee on specification for pharmaceutical preparation. Technical Report series No 863. Geneva; WHO 1996
- 8 GLOBAL: Microbes don't know geography – WHO report. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=73901 Accessed on 2 August 2009
- 9 WHO .International spread of disease threatens public health security: The world health report 2007 focuses on building a safer future. Geneva; 2007 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr44/en/ Accessed on August 02, 2009
- 10 Zager E M, McNerney R. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2008; 8 10
- 11 Cameroon major infectious diseases. http://www.indexmundi.com/cameroon/major_infectious_diseases.html Accessed on August 02, 2009
- 12 Ammah A, Nkuo-Akenji T, Ndip R, Deas J E. An update on concurrent malaria and typhoid fever in Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1999; 93 127-129
- 13 Noeske J, Kuaban C, Cunin P. Are smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients a 'sentinel' population for the HIV epidemic in Cameroon?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004; 8 346-351
- 14 McGaw L J, Lall N, Meyer J J M, Eloff J N. The potential of South African plants against Mycobacterium infections. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 119 482-500
- 15 Jones K D J, Hesketh T, Yudkin J. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: an emerging public-health concern. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008; 102 219-224
- 16 Donald P R, Sirgel F A, Venter A, Parkin D P, Seifart H I, van deWal B W, Maritz J S, Fourie P B. Early bactericidal activity of antituberculosis agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2003; 1 141-145
- 17 Cragg G M, Newman D J, Snader K M. Natural products in drug discovery and development. J Nat Prod. 1997; 60 52-60
- 18 Cowan M M. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12 564-582
- 19 Chung G A C, Aktar Z, Jackson S, Duncan K. High-throughput screen for detecting antimycobacterial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995; 39 2235-2238
- 20 Eloff J N. A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria. Planta Med. 1998; 64 711-713
- 21 Babula P, Adam V, Kizek R, Sladky Z, Havel L. Naphthoquinones as allelochemical triggers of programmed cell death. Environ Exp Bot. 2009; 65 330-337
- 22 Kuete V, Metuno R, Ngameni B, Tsafack A M, Ngandeu F, Fotso G W, Bezabih M, Etoa F X, Ngadjui B T, Abegaz B M, Beng V P. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts and compounds from Treculia obovoidea (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 112 531-536
- 23 Adjanohoun J E, Aboubakar N, Dramane K, Ebot M E, Ekpere J A, Enow-Orock E G, Focho D, Gbile Z E, Kamanyi A, Kamsu Ko J, Keita A, Mbenkum T, Mbi C N, Mbiele A L, Mbome I L, Miburu N K, Nancy W L, Nkongmeneck B, Satabie B, Sofowora A, Tamze V, Wirmum C K. Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopoeia: Contribution to ethnopharmacological and floristic Studies in Cameroon. Lago; OAU/STRC 1996: 299
- 24 Tekeu J C. Rapport sur la Pratique des Etudes d'Impact Environnemental (EIE) au Cameroun. Préparé pour la Commission Economique pour l'Afrique de Nations Unies. 2004 http://www.uneca.org/sdd/documents/ReportEIACameroonFinal.pdf Accessed on August 03, 2008
- 25 Aligiannis N, Kalpotzakis E, Mitaku S, Chinou I B. Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two Origanum species. J Agric Food Chem. 2001; 40 4168-4170
- 26 Jimenez-Arellanes A, Meckes M, Ramirez R, Torres J, Luna-Herrera J. Activity against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexican plants used to treat respiratory diseases. Phytother Res. 2003; 17 903-908
- 27 Tosun F, Akyüz K C, Sener B, Vural M, Palittapongarnpim P. Antimycobacterial screening of some Turkish plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 95 273-275
- 28 Molina-Salinas G M, Ramos-Guerra M C, Vargas-Villarreal J, Mata-Cardenas B D, Becerril-Montes P, Said-Fernández S. Bactericidal activity of organic extracts from Flourensia cernua DC against strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Med Res. 2006; 37 45-49
- 29 Borges-Argáez R, Canche-Chay C I, Peña-Rodríguez L M, Salvador Said-Fernández S, Molina-Salinas G M. Antimicrobial activity of Diospyros anisandra. Fitoterapia. 2007; 78 370-372
- 30 Rios J L, Recio M C. Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 100 80-84
- 31 Cos P, Maes L, Sindambiwe J B, Vlietinck A J, Berghe V D. Bioassays for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Biological screening of plant constituents. Training manual. Trieste; UNIDO-ICS (United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centre for Science and High Technology) 2006: 19-28
- 32 De las Heras B, Rodríguez B, Boscá L, Villar A M. Terpenoids: sources, structure elucidation and therapeutic potential in inflammation. Curr Top Med Chem. 2003; 3 171-185
- 33 Fujioka T, Kashiwada Y. Anti-AIDS agents. 11. Betulinic acid and platanic acid as anti-HIV principles from Syzigium claviflorum, and the anti-HIV activity of structurally related triterpenoids. J Nat Prod. 1994; 57 243-247
- 34 Ragasa C Y, Ha H K, Hasika M, Maridable J B, Gaspillo P D, Rideout J A. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic terpenoids from Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Philipp Sci. 2008; 45 111-122
- 35 Kadota S, Basnet P, Ishii E, Tamura T, Namba T. Antibacterial activity of trichorabdal from Rabdosia trichocarpa against Helicobacter pylori. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1997; 286 63-67
- 36 Prabuseenivasan S, Jayakumar M, Ignacimuthu S. In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2006; 6 39
- 37 John A J, Karunakran V P, George V. Chemical composition an antibacterial activity of Neolitsea foliosa (Nees) Gamble var. caesia (Meisner) Gamble. J Essent Oil Res. 2007; 19 498-500
- 38 Nasimul Islam A K M, Abas Ali M, Sayeed A, Syed M, Salam A. An antibacterial terpenoid from Caesalpinia pulcherrina Swartz.: its characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Asian J Plant Sci. 2003; 2 1162-1665
- 39 Kuete V, Wabo G F, Ngameni B, Tsafack A M, Metuno R, Etoa F X, Ngadjui B T, Beng V P. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract and compounds from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis (Ixonanthaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 114 54-60
- 40 Kuete V, Nguemeving J R, Beng V P, Azebaze A G B, Etoa F X, Meyer M, Bodo B, Nkengfack A E. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts and compounds from Vismia laurentii De Wild (Guttiferae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 109 372-379
- 41 Kuete V, Wansi J D, Mbaveng A T, Kana Sop M M, Tadjong A T, Beng V P, Etoa F X, Wandji J, Meyer J J M, Lall N. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract and compounds from Teclea afzelii (Rutaceae). S Afr J Bot. 2008; 74 572-576
- 42 Kuete V, Simo I K, Beng V P, Bigoga J D, Kapguep R N, Etoa F X, Ngadjui B T. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract, fractions and four flavonoids from the twigs of Dorstenia angusticornis Engl. (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 112 271-277
- 43 Kuete V, Ngameni B, Tsafack A M, Ambassa I K, Simo P, Roy R, Bezabih M, Etoa F X, Ngadjui B T, Abegaz B M, Beng V P. Antimicrobial activity of the extract from the twigs of Dorstenia elliptica (Moraceae). Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 1 573-580
- 44 Kuete V, Ngameni B, Fotso Simo C C, Kengap Tankeu R, Tchaleu Ngadjui B, Meyer J J M, Lall N, Kuiate J R. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and compounds from Ficus chlamydocarpa and Ficus cordata (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 120 17-24
- 45 Kuete V, Fozing D C, Kapche W F G D, Mbaveng A T, Kuiate J R, Ngadjui B T, Abegaz B M. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract and compounds from Morus mesozygia stem bark. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 124 551-555
- 46 Kapche G D W F, Fozing C D, Donfack J H, Fotso F W, Amadou D, Tchana A N, Bezabih M, Moundipa P F, Ngadjui B T, Abegaz B M. Moracin Q–U, new antioxidant prenylated arylbenzofuran derivatives from Morus mesosygia. Phytochemistry. 2009; 70 216-221
- 47 Aslam S N, Stevenson P C, Kokubun T, Hall D R. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of cicerfuran and related 2-arylbenzofurans and stilbenes. Microbiol Res. 2009; 164 191-195
- 48 Kuete V, Eyong K O, Beng V P, Folefoc G N, Hussain H, Krohn K, Nkengfack A E, Saeftel M, Sarite S R, Hoerauf A. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract and compounds isolated from the stem bark of Newbouldia laevis Seem. (Bignoniaceae). Pharmazie. 2007; 62 552-556
- 49 Kuete V, Tangmouo J G, Marion Meyer J J, Lall N. Diospyrone, crassiflorone, and plumbagin, three antimycobacterial and anti-gonorrheal naphthoquinones from two Diospyros species. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009; 34 322-325
- 50 Stern J L, Hagerman A E, Steinberg P D, Mason P K. Phorotannin protein interactions. J Chem Ecol. 1996; 22 1887-1889
- 51 Kuete V, Komguem J, Beng V P, Tangmouo J G, Meli A L, Etoa F X, Lontsi D. Antimicrobial components of the methanolic extract from the stem bark of Garcinia smeathmannii Oliver (Clusiaceae). S Afr J Bot. 2007; 73 347-354
- 52 Kuete V, Meli A L, Komguem J, Louh G N, Tangmouo J G, Lontsi D, Marion Meyer J J, Lall N. Antimycobacterial, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the methanolic extract and compounds from Garcinia polyantha. Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 3 87-95
- 53 Mbaveng A T, Kuete V, Nguemeving J R, Krohn K, Nkengfack A E, Meyer J J M, Lall N. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts and compounds from Vismia guineensis (Guttiferae). AJTM. 2008; 3 211-223
- 54 Nguemeving J R, Azebaze A G B, Kuete V, Carly N N E, Beng V P, Meyer M, Bodo B, Nkengfack A E. Laurentixanthones A and B, antimicrobial xanthones from Vismia laurentii. Phytochemistry. 2006; 67 1341-1346
- 55 Azebaze A G B, Ouahouo B M W, Vardamides J C, Valentin A, Kuete V, Acebey L, Beng V P, Nkengfack A E, Meyer M. Allaxanthones A and B, antimicrobial xanthones from Allablackia gabonensis. Nat Prod Res. 2008; 4 333-341
- 56 Nkengfack A E, Mkounga P, Meyer M, Omum Z T, Bodo B. Globulixanthones C, D and E: three prenylated xanthones with antimicrobial properties from the root bark of Symphonia globulifera. Phytochemistry. 2002; 61 181-187
- 57 Berkada B. Preliminary report on warfarin for the treatment of Herpes simplex. J Ir Coll Physicians Surg. 1978; 22 56
- 58 Hoult J R S, Paya M. Pharmacological and biochemical actions of simple coumarins: natural products with therapeutic potential. Gen Pharmacol. 1996; 27 713-722
-
59 Casley-Smith J R, Casley-Smith J R.
Coumarin in the treatment of lymphoedema and other high-protein oedemas. O'Kennedy R, Thornes RD Coumarins: biology, applications and mode of action. New York; John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1997: 348 - 60 De Souza S M, Monache F D, Smania Jr A. Antibacterial activity of coumarins. Z Naturforsch C. 2005; 60 693-700
- 61 Razavi S M, Imanzadeh G, Davari M. Coumarins from Zosima absinthifolia seeds, with allelopatic effects. EurAsia J BioSci. 2010; 4 17-22
- 62 Kuete V, Metuno R, Ngameni B, Tsafack A M, Ngandeu F, Fotso G W, Bezabih M, Etoa F X, Ngadjui B T, Abegaz B M, Beng V P. Antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts and compounds from Treculia obovoidea (Moraceae). S Afr J Bot. 2008; 74 111-115
- 63 Cos P, Maes L, Vlietinck A, Pieters L. Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodefiency virus (HIV) infection – an update (1998–2007). Planta Med. 2008; 74 1323-1337
- 64 Hallock Y F, Manfredi K, Dai J, Cardellina II J H, Gulakowski R J, McMahon J B, Schäffer M, Stahl M, Gulden K P, Bringmann G, François G, Boyd M R. Michellamines D–F, new HIV-inhibitory dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, and korupensamine E, a new antimalarial monomer, from Ancistrocladus korupensis. J Nat Prod. 1997; 60 677-683
- 65 White E L, Chao W R, Ross L J, Borhani D W, Hobbs P D, Upender V, Dawson M I. Michellamine alkaloids inhibit protein kinase C. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999; 365 25-30
- 66 Karpas A, Fleet G W J, Dwek R A, Petursson S, Namgoong S K, Ramsden N G, Jacob G S, Rqdemqcher T W. Aminosugar derivatives as potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85 9229-9233
- 67 Watson A A, Fleet G W J, Asano N, Molyneux R J, Nash R J. Polyhydroxylated alkaloids – natural occurrence and therapeutic applications. Phytochemistry. 2001; 56 265-295
- 68 Duan H, Takaishi Y, Imakura Y, Jia Y, Li D, Cosentino M, Lee K H. Sesquiterpene alkaloids from Tripterygium hypoglaucum and Tripterygium wilfordii: a new class of potent anti-HIV agents. J Nat Prod. 2000; 63 357-361
- 69 Ishida J, Wang H K, Oyama M, Cosentino M L, Hu C Q, Lee K H. Anti-AIDS agents. 46. Anti-HIV activity of harman, an anti-HIV principle from Symplocos setchuensis, and its derivatives. J Nat Prod. 2001; 64 958-960
- 70 Meragelman K M, McKee T C, Boyd M R. Siamenol, a new carbazole alkaloid from Murraya siamensis. J Nat Prod. 2000; 63 427-428
- 71 Jones Jr S B, Luchsinger A E. Plant systematics. New York; McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1986
- 72 Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary M I. Diterpenoid and steroidal alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep. 1995; 12 361-379
- 73 Yi Z B, Yu Y, Liang Y Z, Zeng B. Evaluation of the antimicrobial mode of berberine by LC/ESI-MS combined with principal component analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2007; 44 301-304
- 74 Bruneton J. Pharmacognosie: Phytochimie, Plantes medicinales, 3rd edition. Paris; Tec & Doc 1999: 263-309
- 75 Ngounou F N, Manfouo R N, Tapondjou L A, Lontsi D, Kuete V, Penlap V, Etoa F X, Dubois M A L, Sondengam B L. Antimicrobial diterpenoid alkaloids from Erythrophleum suaveolens (Guill. & Perr.) Brenan. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop. 2005; 19 221-226
- 76 Kuete V. Evaluation des propriétés antimicrobiennes de deux plantes médicinales Camerounaises utilises dans le traitement des maladies infectieuses: Solanum trvum (Solanaceae) et Tabernaemontana crassa (Apocynaceae) [dissertation]. Yaoundé; Université de Yaoundé I 2005
- 77 Tatsadjieu L N, Essia Ngang J J, Ngassoum M B, Etoa F X. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica, Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloïdes and Zanthoxylum leprieurii from Cameroon. Fitoterapia. 2003; 74 469-472
- 78 Burkill H M. The Useful plants of west tropical Africa, Vol. 1. Kew; Royal Botanic Gardens 1985: 186-187
- 79 Wagner W L, Herbst D R, Sohmer S H. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii: revised ed. Honolulu; University of Hawaii Press 1999: 312
- 80 Ngo Teke G, Kuiate J R, Ngouateu O B, Gatsing D. Antidiarrhoeal and antimicrobial activities of Emilia coccinea (Sims) G. Don extracts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 112 278-283
- 81 Ndom J C, Mbafor J T, Wansi J D, Kamdem A W, Meva'a L M, Vardamides J C, Toukam F, Pegyemb D, Ngando T M, Laatsch H, Fomum Z T. Sesquiterpene lactones from Crepis cameroonica (Asteraceae). Nat Prod Res. 2006; 20 435-442
- 82 Eyong K O, Folefoc G N, Kuete V, Beng V P, Krohn K, Hussain H, Nkengfack A E, Saeftel M, Sarite S R, Hoerauf A. Newbouldiaquinone A: a naphthoquinone-anthraquinone ether coupled pigment, as a potential antimicrobial and antimalarial agent from Newbouldia laevis. Phytochemistry. 2006; 67 605-609
- 83 Eyong O K, Krohn K, Hussain H, Folefoc N G, Nkengfack A E, Schulz B, Hu Q. Newboudiaquinone and newboudiamide: A naphthoquinone-anthraquinone couple pigment and a new ceramide from Newboudia laevis. Chem Pharm Bull. 2005; 53 616-619
- 84 Lenta B N, Weniger B, Antheaume C, Noungoue D T, Ngouela S, Assob J C N, Vonthron-Sénécheau C, Fokou P A, Devkota K P, Tsamo E, Sewald N. Anthraquinones from the stem bark of Stereospermum zenkeri with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemistry. 2007; 68 1595-1599
- 85 Hutchinson J, Dalziel J M. Flora of West Tropical Africa, 2nd edition. London; Crown Agents 1958
- 86 Tangmouo J G, Lontsi D, Ngounou F N, Kuete V, Meli A L, Manfouo R N, Kamdem H W, Tane P, Beng V P, Sondengam B L, Connolly J D. Diospyrone, a new coumarinylbinaphthoquinone from Diospyros canaliculata (Ebenaceae): structure and antimicrobial activity. Bull Chem Soc Ethiop. 2005; 19 81-88
- 87 Tangmouo J G, Meli A L, Komguem J, Kuete V, Ngounou F N, Lontsi D, Beng V P, Choudhary M I, Sondengam B L. Crassiflorone, a new naphthoquinone from Diospyros crassiflora (Hien). Tetraedron Lett. 2006; 47 3067-3070
- 88 Dzoyem J P, Tangmouo J G, Lontsi D, Etoa F X, Lohoue P J. In vitro antifungal activity of extract and plumbagin from the stem bark of Diospyros crassiflora Hiern (Ebenaceae). Phytother Res. 2007; 21 671-674
- 89 Dimo T, Laure N E, Benoit N T, Anatole A G B, Paul A A, Emmanuel T V, Pierre K. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of Bridelia scleroneura (Euphorbiaceae). Inflammopharmacology. 2006; 14 42-47
- 90 Ngueyem T A, Brusotti G, Marrubini G, Grisoli P, Dacarro C, Vidari G, Finzi P V, Caccialanza G. Validation of use of a traditional remedy from Bridelia grandis (Pierre ex Hutch) stem bark against oral Streptococci. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 120 13-16
- 91 Dalziel J M. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. London; The Crown Agents for the Colonies 1937: 140-141
- 92 Talla E, Djamen D, Djouldé D R, Tatsadjeu L, Tantoh D, Mbafor J T, Fomum Z T. Antimicrobial activity of Bridelia ferruginea leaves extracts. Fitoterapia. 2002; 73 343-345
- 93 Kamgang R, Pouokam Kamgne E V, Fonkoua M C, Beng V P, Biwolé S M. Activities of aqueous extracts of Mallotus oppositifolium on Shigella dysenteriae A1-induced diarrhoea in rats. Clin Exp Pharm Physiol. 2006; 33 89-94
- 94 Awouafack M D, Kouam F S, Hussain H, Ngamga D, Tane P, Schulz B, Green I R, Krohn K. Antimicrobial prenylated dihydrochalcones from Eriosema glomerata. Planta Med. 2008; 74 50-54
- 95 Ouahouo B M W, Azebaze A G B, Meyer M, Bodo B, Fomum Z T, Nkengfack A E. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial coumarins from Mammea africana. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2004; 98 733-739
- 96 Yimdjo M C, Azebaze A G B, Nkengfack A E, Meyer A M, Bodo B, Fomum Z T. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents from Calophyllum inophyllum. Phytochemistry. 2004; 65 2789-2795
- 97 Akoachere J F, Ndip R N, Chenwi E B, Ndip L M, Njock T E, Anong D N. Antibacterial effect of Zingiber officinale and Garcinia kola on respiratory tract pathogens. East Afr Med J. 2002; 79 588-592
- 98 Ngoupayo J, Tabopda T K, Shaiq Ali M. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of prenylated xanthones from twigs of Garcinia staudtii. Bioorg Med Chem. 2009; 17 5688-5695
- 99 Aubreville A. Flore forestière soudano-guinéenne A.O.F. Cameroun-A.E.F. Paris; Société d'Edition Géographique Maritime et Coloniales 1950: 148-150
- 100 Ngouela S, Ndjakou B L, Tchamo D N, Zelefack F, Tsamo E, Connolly J D. A prenylated xanthone with antimicrobial activity from the seeds of Symphonia globulifera. Nat Prod Res. 2002; 19 23-27
- 101 Menan H, Banzouzi J T, Hocquette A, Pelissier Y, Blache Y, Kone M, Mallie M, Ake Assi L, Valentin A. Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of plants used in West African traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 105 131-136
- 102 Tamokou J D D, Tala M F, Wabo H K, Kuiate J R, Tane P. Antimicrobial activities of methanol extract and compounds from stem bark of Vismia rubescens. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 124 571-575
- 103 Berhaut J. Flore illustrée du Sénégal, Dicotylédones, Linacées à Nymphéacées, Tome VI. Dakar; Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du Développement Rural et de l'Hydraulique, Direction des eaux et Forêts 1979: 466-481
- 104 Adamson I, Okafor C, Abu-Bakare A. A supplement of Dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis) improves treatment of type II diabetics. West Afr J Med. 1990; 9 108-115
- 105 Okolo C, Johnson P, Abdulrahman F, Abdu-Aguye I, Hussaini I. Analgesic effect of Irvingia gabonensis stem bark extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 1995; 45 125-129
- 106 Adamson I, Okafor C, Abu-Bakare A. Erythrocyte membrane ATPases in diabetes: effect of Dikanut (Irvingia gabonensis). Enzyme. 1986; 36 212-215
- 107 Ngondi J, Oben J, Minka S. The effect of Irvingia gabonensis seeds on body weight and blood lipids of obese subject in Cameroon. Lipids Health Dis. 2005; 4 12
- 108 Ngassoum M B, Essia-Ngang J J, Tatsadjieu L N, Jirovetz L, Buchbauer G, Adjoudjia O. Antimicrobial study of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum leaves and Zanthoxylum xanthoxyloides fruits from Cameroon. Fitoterapia. 2003; 74 284-287
- 109 Nguefack J, Lekagne Dongmo J B, Dakole C D, Leth V, Vismer H F, Torp J, Guemdjom E F N, Mbeffo M, Tamgue O, Fotio D, Amvam Zollo P H, Nkengfack A E. Food preservative potential of essential oils and fractions from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against mycotoxigenic fungi. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009; 131 151-156
- 110 Chouna J R, Nkeng-Efouet P A, Lenta B N, Devkota P K, Neumann B, Stammler H G, Kimbu S F, Sewald N. Antibacterial endiandric acid derivatives from Beilschmiedia anacardioides. Phytochemistry. 2009; 70 684-688
- 111 Thomas D W, Thomas J M, Bromely W A, Mbenkum F T. Korup ethnobotany survey: WWF Survey. 1989: A31
- 112 Abegaz B M, Ngadjui T B, Dongo E, Tamboue H. Prenylated chalcones and flavones from the leaves of Dorstenia kameruniana. Phytochemistry. 1998; 49 1147-1150
- 113 Tsopmo A, Tene M, Kamnaing P, Ayafor J F, Sterner A. A new Diels-Alder type adduct flavonoids from D. barteri. J Nat Prod. 1999; 62 1432-1434
- 114 Bouquet A. Féticheurs et médecines traditionnelles du Congo Brazzaville. Paris; Orstom 1969: 178-202
- 115 Kuete V, Nana F, Ngameni B, Mbaveng A T, Keumedjio F, Ngadjui B T. Antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, fractions and compounds from stem bark of Ficus ovata (Moraceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 124 556-561
- 116 Noumi E, Dibakto T W. Medicinal plants used for peptic ulcer in the Bangangté region, western Cameroon. Fitoterapia. 2002; 71 406-512
- 117 Bokesch H R, Charan R D, Merangelman K M, Beutler J A, Gardella R, O'keefe B R, Mekee T C, Memahon J B. Isolation and characterization of anti-HIV peptides from Dorstenia contrajerva and Treculia obovoidea. FEBS Lett. 2004; 567 287-290
- 118 Kouam S F, Yapna D B, Krohn K, Ngadjui B T, Ngoupayo J, Choudhary M I, Schultz B. Antimicrobial prenylated anthracene derivatives from the leaves of Harungana madagascariensis. J Nat Prod. 2007; 70 600-603
- 119 Vardamides J C, Sielenou V T, Ndemangou B, Nkengfack A E, Fomum Z T, Poumale H M P, Laatsch H. Diterpenoids from Turraeanthus mannii. Planta Med. 2007; 5 491-495
- 120 Njike N E, Watch P, Nguelefack T, Kamanyi A. Hypoglycaemic activity of the leaves extracts of Bersama engleriana in rats. Afr J Trad CAM. 2005; 2 215-221
- 121 Watcho P, Makemdjio A, Nguelefack B T, Kamanyi A. Sexual stimulation effects of the aqueous and methanolic extracts from the leaves of Bersama engleriana in adult male rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2007; 1 464-476
- 122 Kuete V, Tsafack A M, Tsafack M, Beng V P, Etoa F X, Nkengfack A E, Meyer J J M, Lall N. Antitumor, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bersama engleriana (Melianthaceae). J Ethnopharmacol. 2008; 115 494-501
- 123 Zintchem A A, Ngono Bikobo D, Théodore Atchadé A T, Ngo Mbing J, Gangoue-Pieboji J, Ghogomu Tih R, Blond A, Pegnyemb D E, Bodo B. Nitrile glucosides and serotobenine from Campylospermum glaucum and Ouratea turnarea. Phytochemistry. 2008; 69 2209-2213
- 124 Pegnyemb D E, Ngo Mbing J, Atchade A T, Ghogomu Tih R, Sondengam B L, Blond A, Bodo B. Antimicrobial biflavonoids from the aerial parts of Ouratea sulcata. Phytochemistry. 2005; 66 1922-1926
- 125 Irvine R F. Woody plant of Ghana. London; Oxford University Press 1961 223-226 480-481
- 126 Fokou P A, Stammler H G, Neumann B, Huber T, Lontsi D, Kemami Wangun H V, Sewald N. Triterpenes from Maesopsis eminii. J Nat Prod. 2004; 67 2124-2126
- 127 Adnan J A, Mohammad S A, Ilias M, Assad A A, Herman P P. Furoquinoline alkaloids from Teclea nobilis. Phytochemistry. 2003; 66 1405-1411
- 128 Wansi J D, Wandji J, Waffo A F, Ngeufa H E, Ndom J C, Fotso S, Maskey R P, Njamen D, Fomum T Z, Laatsch H. Alkaloids from Oriciopsis glaberrima Engl. (Rutaceae). Phytochemistry. 2006; 67 475-480
- 129 Kuete V, Tangmouo J G, Beng V P, Ngounou M F, Lontsi D. Antimicrobial activity of Tridesmostemon omphalocarpoides Engl. Sapotaceae. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 104 5-11
- 130 Megne B C. Contribution à l'étude des plantes médicinales du Camerounieuses: Inventaire de quelques plantes utilisées dans le traitement des MST dans la région de Dschang (Ouest-Cameroun) [Mémoire de Maîtrise]. Dschang; Université de Dschang 1998
- 131 Arthan D, Svasti J, Kittakoop P, Pittayakhachonwut D, Tanticharoen M, Thebtaranonth Y. Antiviral isoflavonoidsulphate and steroidal glycosides from the fruits of Solanum torvum. Phytochemistry. 2002; 59 459-464
- 132 Chah K F, Muko K N, Oboegbulem S I. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Solanum torvum fruit. Fitoterapia. 2000; 71 187-189
Dr. Victor Kuete
Department of Biochemistry
University of Dschang
P. O. Box 67
Dschang 237
Cameroon
Telefon: + 23 7 77 35 59 27
Fax: + 23 72 22 60 18
eMail: kuetevictor@yahoo.fr