RSS-Feed abonnieren
![](/products/assets/desktop/img/oa-logo.png)
DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1309791
European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. – First Edition Faecal occult blood testing
Publikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
25. September 2012 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/endoscopy/2012S03/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0032-1309791-1.jpg)
Multidisciplinary, evidence-based guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis have been developed by experts in a project coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The full guideline document covers the entire process of population-based screening. It consists of 10 chapters and over 250 recommendations, graded according to the strength of the recommendation and the supporting evidence. The 450-page guidelines and the extensive evidence base have been published by the European Commission. The chapter on faecal occult blood testing includes 21 graded recommendations. The content of the chapter is presented here to promote international discussion and collaboration by making the principles and standards recommended in the new EU Guidelines known to a wider professional and scientific community. Following these recommendations has the potential to enhance the control of colorectal cancer through improvement in the quality and effectiveness of screening programmes and services.
-
References
- 1 Achord JL. Positive Hemoccult reactions after oral iron: true or false?. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 670-672
- 2 Ahlquist DA, McGill DB, Schwartz S et al. HemoQuant, a new quantitative assay for fecal hemoglobin. Comparison with Hemoccult. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 297-302
- 3 Ahlquist DA, McGill DB, Schwartz S et al. Fecal blood levels in health and disease. A study using HemoQuant. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1422-1428
- 4 Allison JE, Sakoda LC, Levin TR et al. Screening for colorectal neoplasms with new fecal occult blood tests: update on performance characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 1462-1470
- 5 Allison JE, Tekawa IS, Ransom LJ et al. A comparison of fecal occult-blood tests for colorectal-cancer screening. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 155-159
- 6 Anderson GD, Yuellig TR, Krone RE et al. An investigation into the effects of oral iron supplementation on in vivo Hemoccult stool testing. Am J Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 558-561
- 7 Atkin W, Valori R, Kuipers EJ et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Colonoscopic surveillance following adenoma removal. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE151-SE163
- 8 Austoker J, Giordano L, Hewitson P et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Communication. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE106-SE115
- 9 Screening Retest Fact Sheet. Australian Government DOHAA; 2009 http://www.cancerscreening.gov.au/internet/screening/publishing.nsf/Content/bw-retest Accessed 11/2/2012
- 10 Australian Health Technology Advisory Committee (AHTAC). Colorectal Cancer Screening. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services; 1997
- 11 Bennitt W, Burtonwood C, Halloran S. Four faecal occult blood test kits. [monograph on the Internet]. London (UK): NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency, Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing; 2006. Report No. 05110. http://nhscep.useconnect.co.uk/CEPProducts/catalogue.aspx [Accessed 4/07/2012]
- 12 Bini EJ, Rajapaksa RC, Weinshel EH. Positive predictive value of fecal occult blood testing in persons taking warfarin. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1586-1592
- 13 Burch JA, Soares-Weiser K, St John DJ et al. Diagnostic accuracy of faecal occult blood tests used in screening for colorectal cancer: a systematic review. J Med Screen 2007; 14: 132-137
- 14 Castiglione G, Grazzini G, Miccinesi G et al. Basic variables at different positivity thresholds of a quantitative immunochemical test for faecal occult blood. J Med Screen 2002; 9: 99-103
- 15 Castiglione G, Visioli CB, Ciatto S et al. Sensitivity of latex agglutination faecal occult blood test in the Florence District population-based colorectal cancer screening programme. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 1750-1754
- 16 Castiglione G, Zappa M, Grazzini G et al. Screening for colorectal cancer by faecal occult blood test: comparison of immunochemical tests. J Med Screen 2000; 7: 35-37
- 17 Chen LS, Liao CS, Chang SH et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis for determining optimal cut-off of immunochemical faecal occult blood test for population-based colorectal cancer screening (KCIS 16). J Med Screen 2007; 14: 191-199
- 18 Chen WD, Han ZJ, Skoletsky J et al. Detection in fecal DNA of colon cancer-specific methylation of the nonexpressed vimentin gene. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1124-1132
- 19 Cheng TI, Wong JM, Hong CF et al. Colorectal cancer screening in asymptomaic adults: comparison of colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and fecal occult blood tests. J Formos Med Assoc 2002; 101: 685-690
- 20 Ciatto S, Martinelli F, Castiglione G et al. Association of FOBT-assessed faecal Hb content with colonic lesions detected in the Florence screening programme. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 218-221
- 21 Clarke P, Jack F, Carey FA et al. Medications with anticoagulant properties increase the likelihood of a negative colonoscopy in faecal occult blood test population screening. Colorectal Dis 2006; 8: 389-392
- 22 Cole SR, Young GP. Effect of dietary restriction on participation in faecal occult blood test screening for colorectal cancer. Med J Aust 2001; 175: 195-198
- 23 Cole SR, Young GP, Esterman A et al. A randomised trial of the impact of new faecal haemoglobin test technologies on population participation in screening for colorectal cancer. J Med Screen 2003; 10: 117-122
- 24 Conseil d'Évaluation des Technologies de la Santé du Quebec. Colorectal cancer screening. Montreal: Conseil d'Évaluation des Technologies de la Santé du Quebec; 2000
- 25 Council Recommendation of 2 December 2003 on cancer screening (2003/878/EC). Off J Eur Union 2003; 34-38
- 26 Craven O. Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test: a critical literature review. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2001; 5: 234-243
- 27 Dancourt V, Lejeune C, Lepage C et al. Immunochemical faecal occult blood tests are superior to guaiac-based tests for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 2254-2258
- 28 Day NE. Estimating the sensitivity of a screening test. J Epidemiol Community Health 1985; 39: 364-366
- 29 Ellis RJ, Wilson S, Holder RL et al. Different faecal sampling methods alter the acceptability of faecal occult blood testing: a cross sectional community survey. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43: 1437-1444
- 30 Faure H, Exbrayat C, Winckel P et al. Moisture content of Hemoccult slides influences test sensitivity. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15: 1111-1114
- 31 Federici A, Giorgi RP, Borgia P et al. The immunochemical faecal occult blood test leads to higher compliance than the guaiac for colorectal cancer screening programmes: a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Med Screen 2005; 12: 83-88
- 32 Fenocchi E, Martinez L, Tolve J et al. Screening for colorectal cancer in Uruguay with an immunochemical faecal occult blood test. Eur J Cancer Prev 2006; 15: 384-390
- 33 Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F et al. GLOBOCAN 2008 v1.2, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2010. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr Accessed on 05/04/2012
- 34 Fludger S, Turner AM, Harvey RF et al. Controlled prospective study of faecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer in Bury, black pudding capital of the world. BMJ 2002; 325: 1444-1445
- 35 Fraser CG. Faecal occult blood tests – eliminate, enhance or update?. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45: 117-121
- 36 Fraser CG, Mathew CM, McKay K et al. Automated immunochemical quantitation of haemoglobin in faeces collected on cards for screening for colorectal cancer. Gut 2008; 57: 1256-1260
- 37 Fraser CG, Mathew CM, Mowat NA et al. Evaluation of a card collection-based faecal immunochemical test in screening for colorectal cancer using a two-tier reflex approach. Gut 2007; 56: 1415-1418
- 38 Fraser CG, Matthew CM, Mowat NA et al. Immunochemical testing of individuals positive for guaiac faecal occult blood test in a screening programme for colorectal cancer: an observational study. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 127-131
- 39 Garrick DP, Close JR, McMurray W. Detection of occult blood in faeces. Lancet 1977; 2: 820-821
- 40 Grazzini G, Ventura L, Zappa M et al. Influence of seasonal variations in ambient temperatures on performance of immunochemical faecal occult blood test for colorectal cancer screening: observational study from the Florence district. Gut 2010; 59: 1511-1515
- 41 Grazzini G, Visioli CB, Zorzi M et al. Immunochemical faecal occult blood test: number of samples and positivity cutoff. What is the best strategy for colorectal cancer screening? . Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 259-265
- 42 Greenberg PD, Bertario L, Gnauck R et al. A prospective multicenter evaluation of new fecal occult blood tests in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1331-1338
- 43 Greenberg PD, Cello JP, Rockey DC. Relationship of low-dose aspirin to GI injury and occult bleeding: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 50: 618-622
- 44 Greenwald B. A pilot study evaluating two alternate methods of stool collection for the fecal occult blood test. Medsurg Nurs 2006; 15: 89-94
- 45 Guittet L, Bouvier V, Mariotte N et al. Comparison of a guaiac based and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer in a general average risk population. Gut 2007; 56: 210-214
- 46 Guittet L, Bouvier V, Mariotte N et al. Comparison of a guaiac and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test for the detection of colonic lesions according to lesion type and location. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 1230-1235
- 47 Guittet L, Bouvier V, Mariotte N et al. Performance of immunochemical faecal occult blood test in colorectal cancer screening in average-risk population according to positivity threshold and number of samples. Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1127-1133
- 48 Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996; 348: 1472-1477
- 49 Haug U, Brenner H. New stool tests for colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review focusing on performance characteristics and practicalness. Int J Cancer 2005; 117: 169-176
- 50 Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Irwig L et al. Screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD001216
- 51 Hol L, Wilschut JA, van Ballegooijen M et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: random comparison of guaiac and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing at different cut-off levels. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 1103-1110
- 52 IARC. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. 2012. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Vol. 100F.
- 53 Illingworth DG. Influence of diet on occult blood tests. Gut 1965; 6: 595-598
- 54 Imafuku Y, Nagai T, Yoshida H. The effect of toilet sanitizers and detergents on immunological occult blood tests. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 253: 51-59
- 55 Imperiale TF. Quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood tests: is it time to go back to the future?. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 309-311
- 56 Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DF, Itzkowitz SH et al. Fecal DNA versus fecal occult blood for colorectal-cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2704-2714
- 57 Jaffe RM, Kasten B, Young DS et al. False-negative stool occult blood tests caused by ingestion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Ann Intern Med 1975; 83: 824-826
- 58 Jaffe RM, Zierdt W. A new occult blood test not subject to false-negative results from reducing substances. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 93: 879-886
- 59 Kahi CJ, Imperiale TF. Do aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause false-positive fecal occult blood test results? A prospective study in a cohort of veterans. Am J Med 2004; 117: 837-841
- 60 Keong CH. CITES as a tool in combatting illegal logging. International Forestry Review 2009; 9: 805-810
- 61 Kerr J, Day P, Broadstock M et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of population screening for colorectal cancer. N Z Med J 2007; 120: U2629
- 62 Ko CW, Dominitz JA, Nguyen TD. Fecal occult blood testing in a general medical clinic: comparison between guaiac-based and immunochemical-based tests. Am J Med 2003; 115: 111-114
- 63 Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J et al. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996; 348: 1467-1471
- 64 Lamph SA, Bennitt WE, Brannon CR et al. Evaluation report: Immunochemical faecal occult blood tests. Guildford: Centre for Evidence-based Purchasing; 2009. Report No. CEP 09042. http://www.cancerscreening.nhs.uk/bowel/ifobt.pdf [Accessed 28/07/2012]
- 65 Landsorp-Vogelaar I, von Karsa L. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Introduction. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE15-SE30
- 66 Launoy G, Berchi C. [Advantage of immunochemical fecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer]. Bull Cancer 2005; 92: 885-890
- 67 Launoy GD, Bertrand HJ, Berchi C et al. Evaluation of an immunochemical fecal occult blood test with automated reading in screening for colorectal cancer in a general average-risk population. Int J Cancer 2005; 115: 493-496
- 68 Levi Z, Rozen P, Hazazi R et al. A quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test for colorectal neoplasia. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 244-255
- 69 Levi Z, Rozen P, Hazazi R et al. Sensitivity, but not specificity, of a quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test for neoplasia is slightly increased by the use of low-dose aspirin, NSAIDs, and anticoagulants. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 933-938
- 70 Levi Z, Rozen P, Hazazi R et al. Can quantification of faecal occult blood predetermine the need for colonoscopy in patients at risk for non-syndromic familial colorectal cancer?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 1475-1481
- 71 Levin B, Hess K, Johnson C. Screening for colorectal cancer. A comparison of 3 fecal occult blood tests. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 970-976
- 72 Li CM, Shiu MN, Chia SL et al. Factors associated with referral compliance of abnormal immunochemical faecal occult blood test. J Med Screen 2007; 14: 186-190
- 73 Li S, Wang H, Hu J et al. New immunochemical fecal occult blood test with two-consecutive stool sample testing is a cost-effective approach for colon cancer screening: results of a prospective multicenter study in Chinese patients. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 3078-3083
- 74 Lifton LJ, Kreiser J. False-positive stool occult blood tests caused by iron preparations. A controlled study and review of literature. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 860-863
- 75 Macrae FA, St John DJ. Relationship between patterns of bleeding and Hemoccult sensitivity in patients with colorectal cancers or adenomas. Gastroenterology 1982; 82: 891-898
- 76 Malila N, Senore C, Armaroli P. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Organisation. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE31-SE48
- 77 Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1365-1371
- 78 Minozzi S, Armaroli P, Banzi R et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Appendix 1: Systematic evidence review. 2010. http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/european-guidelines-for-quality-assurance-in-colorectal-cancer-screening-and-diagnosis-pbND3210390/ [Accessed 11/2/2012]
- 79 Minozzi S, Armaroli P, Segnan N. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Principles of evidence assessment and methods for reaching recommendations. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE9-SE14
- 80 Moore RA, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Faecal blood loss with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitors: systematic review of randomized trials using autologous chromium-labelled erythrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10: R7
- 81 Morikawa T, Kato J, Yamaji Y et al. Sensitivity of immunochemical fecal occult blood test to small colorectal adenomas. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2259-2264
- 82 Morikawa T, Kato J, Yamaji Y et al. A comparison of the immunochemical fecal occult blood test and total colonoscopy in the asymptomatic population. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 422-428
- 83 Moslein G, Schneider C, Theilmeier A et al. [Analysis of the statistical value of various commercially available stool tests - a comparison of one stool sample in correlation to colonoscopy]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2010; 135: 557-562
- 84 Moss S, Ancelle-Park R, Brenner H. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Evaluation and interpretation of screening outcomes. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE49-SE64
- 85 Nakama H, Yamamoto M, Kamijo N et al. Colonoscopic evaluation of immunochemical fecal occult blood test for detection of colorectal neoplasia. Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 228-231
- 86 Nakama H, Zhang B, Fattah AS. A cost-effective analysis of the optimum number of stool specimens collected for immunochemical occult blood screening for colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36: 647-650
- 87 Nakama H, Zhang B, Zhang X. Evaluation of the optimum cut-off point in immunochemical occult blood testing in screening for colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 398-401
- 88 Parekh M, Fendrick AM, Ladabaum U. As tests evolve and costs of cancer care rise: reappraising stool-based screening for colorectal neoplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 697-712
- 89 Pearson S, Bennitt W, Halloran S. Evaluation of eleven faecal occult blood test kits. London: Medical Devices Agency; 2000. MDA/2000/05
- 90 Pignone M, Campbell MK, Carr C et al. Meta-analysis of dietary restriction during fecal occult blood testing. Eff Clin Pract 2001; 4: 150-156
- 91 Piper MA. Immunochemical versus guaiac fecal occult blood tests. Chicago. IL, USA: Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, Technology Evaluation Center. TEC Assessment Programs; 2004. 19 (5)
- 92 Quirke P, Risio M, Lambert R et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Quality assurance in pathology in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE116-SE130
- 93 Ransohoff DF, Sandler RS. Clinical practice. Screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 40-44
- 94 Rockey DC, Koch J, Cello JP et al. Relative frequency of upper gastrointestinal and colonic lesions in patients with positive fecal occult-blood tests. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 153-159
- 95 Rosenfield RE, Kochwa S, Kaczera Z et al. Nonuniform distribution of occult blood in feces. Am J Clin Pathol 1979; 71: 204-209
- 96 Rozen P, Knaani J, Samuel Z. Performance characteristics and comparison of two immunochemical and two guaiac fecal occult blood screening tests for colorectal neoplasia. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 2064-2071
- 97 Rozen P, Knaani J, Samuel Z. Eliminating the need for dietary restrictions when using a sensitive guaiac fecal occult blood test. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44: 756-760
- 98 Rozen P, Knaani J, Samuel Z. Comparative screening with a sensitive guaiac and specific immunochemical occult blood test in an endoscopic study. Cancer 2000; 89: 46-52
- 99 Rozen P, Waked A, Vilkin A et al. Evaluation of a desk top instrument for the automated development and immunochemical quantification of fecal occult blood. Med Sci Monit 2006; 12: MT27-MT32
- 100 Rubeca T, Rapi S, Confortini M et al. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of screening by fecal occult blood testing (FOBT). Comparison of FOB Gold and OC Sensor assays in a consecutive prospective screening series 70. Int J Biol Markers 2006; 21: 157-161
- 101 Said R. Contamination of urine with povidone-iodine. Cause of false-positive test for occult blood in urine. JAMA 1979; 242: 748-749
- 102 Saito H. Screening for colorectal cancer by immunochemical fecal occult blood testing. Jpn J Cancer Res 1996; 87: 1011-1024
- 103 Saito H. Current status of colorectal cancer screening in Japan. Acta Endoscopica 2007; 37: 181-188
- 104 Saito H, Soma Y, Nakajima M et al. A case-control study evaluating occult blood screening for colorectal cancer with hemoccult test and an immunochemical hemagglutination test. Oncol Rep 2000; 7: 815-819
- 105 Schwartz MK. How do we detect hereditary large bowel cancer? Biochemical diagnosis. Prog Clin Biol Res 1983; 115: 123-129
- 106 Scriven AJ, Tapley EM. Coloscreen VPI test kit evaluated for detection of fecal occult blood. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 156-158
- 107 European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Segnan N, Patnick J, von Karsa L. Luxembourg: European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union; 2010
- 108 Shastri YM, Naumann M, Oremek GM et al. Prospective multicenter evaluation of fecal tumor pyruvate kinase type M2 (M2-PK) as a screening biomarker for colorectal neoplasia. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2651-2656
- 109 Sieg A, Thoms C, Luthgens K et al. Detection of colorectal neoplasms by the highly sensitive hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex in feces. Int J Colorectal Dis 1999; 14: 267-271
- 110 Sinatra MA, St John DJ, Young GP. Interference of plant peroxidases with guaiac-based fecal occult blood tests is avoidable. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 123-126
- 111 Smith A, Young GP, Cole SR et al. Comparison of a brush-sampling fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin with a sensitive guaiac-based fecal occult blood test in detection of colorectal neoplasia. Cancer 2006; 107: 2152-2159
- 112 St John DJ, Young GP, Alexeyeff MA et al. Evaluation of new occult blood tests for detection of colorectal neoplasia. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1661-1668
- 113 Starkey BJ. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Clin Biochem 2002; 39: 351-365
- 114 Steele RJC, Pox C, Kuipers EJ et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Managment of lesions detected in colorectal cancer screening. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE140-SE150
- 115 Steele RJC, Rey J-F, Lambert R. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Professional requirements and training. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE106-SE115
- 116 Syed AA, Khatoon BA, Silwadi MF. New reagents for detection of faecal occult blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 24: 581-586
- 117 Results of the first round of a demonstration pilot of screening for colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. BMJ 2004; 329: 133
- 118 Valori R, Rey J-F, Atkin W et al. European guidelines for quality assurance in colorectal cancer screening and diagnosis. First edition. Quality assurance in endoscopy in colorectal screening and diagnosis. Endoscopy 2012; 44: SE88-SE105
- 119 van Roon AHC, Wilschut JA, van Ballegooijen M et al. Attendance and diagnostic yield of 1 vs 2-sample fecal immunochemical test (FIT) screening: a comparative population-based colorectal cancer trial. Oral Presentation, Diagnostic Diseases Week 2010, New Orleans. 2010
- 120 van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, Laheij RJ et al. Cutoff value determines the performance of a semi-quantitative immunochemical faecal occult blood test in a colorectal cancer screening programme. Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 1274-1281
- 121 van Rossum LG, van Rijn AF, Laheij RJ et al. Random comparison of guaiac and immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer in a screening population. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 82-90
- 122 Vilkin A, Rozen P, Levi Z et al. Performance characteristics and evaluation of an automated-developed and quantitative, immunochemical, fecal occult blood screening test. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2519-2525
- 123 von Karsa L, Anttila A, Ronco G et al. Cancer Screening in the European Union. Report on the implementation of the Council Recommendation on Cancer Screening – First Report. Luxembourg: European Commission; 2008. http://ec.europa.eu/health/archive/ph_determinants/genetics/documents/cancer_screening.pdf Accessed 11/2/2012
- 124 von Karsa L, Lignini TA, Patnick J et al. The dimensions of the CRC problem. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24: 381-396
- 125 von Roon AC, Karamountzos L, Purkayastha S et al. Diagnostic precision of fecal calprotectin for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal malignancy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 803-813
- 126 Wang DR, Tang D. Hypermethylated SFRP2 gene in fecal DNA is a high potential biomarker for colorectal cancer noninvasive screening. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 524-531
- 127 Welch CL, Young DS. Spectrophotometry of occult blood in feces. Clin Chem 1983; 29: 2022-2025
- 128 Wilson JM, Jungner YG. Principles and practice of mass screening for disease. World Health Organization; 1968 http://whqlibdoc.who.int/php/WHO_PHP_34.pdf Accessed 11/2/2012
- 129 Wong BC, Wong WM, Cheung KL et al. A sensitive guaiac faecal occult blood test is less useful than an immunochemical test for colorectal cancer screening in a Chinese population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18: 941-946
- 130 Young GP, Cole S. New stool screening tests for colorectal cancer. Digestion 2007; 76: 26-33
- 131 Young GP, Sinatra MA, St John DJ. Influence of delay in stool sampling on fecal occult blood test sensitivity. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 1107-1108
- 132 Young GP, St John DJ, Cole SR et al. Prescreening evaluation of a brush-based faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin. J Med Screen 2003; 10: 123-128
- 133 Young GP, St John DJ, Winawer SJ et al. Choice of fecal occult blood tests for colorectal cancer screening: recommendations based on performance characteristics in population studies: a WHO (World Health Organization) and OMED (World Organization for Digestive Endoscopy) report. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2499-2507
- 134 Zappa M, Castiglione G, Paci E et al. Measuring interval cancers in population-based screening using different assays of fecal occult blood testing: the District of Florence experience. Int J Cancer 2001; 92: 151-154
- 135 Zappa M, Visioli CB, Ciatto S et al. Gastric cancer after positive screening faecal occult blood testing and negative assessment. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 321-326
- 136 Zhou L, Yu H, Zheng S. [The value of "occult blood bead" in detection of upper digestive tract disorders with bleeding]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 1999; 21: 48-50
- 137 Zorzi M, Falcini F, Fedato C et al. Screening for colorectal cancer in Italy: 2006 survey. Epidemiol Prev 2008; 32: 55-68