RSS-Feed abonnieren
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-43426
Stellenwert der Opioide bei der Therapie neuropathischer Schmerzen
Status of Opioids in the Treatment of Neuropathic PainPublikationsverlauf
Publikationsdatum:
06. November 2003 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Der neuropathische Schmerz entsteht per definitionem durch eine Funktionsstörung peripherer afferenter und/oder efferenter oder zentraler Axone unabhängig von deren Ursache. Etablierte medikamentöse Therapieverfahren mit trizyklischen Antidepressiva und Ionenkanalblockern erreichen bei numbers-needed-to-treat zwischen 2 und 3,7 nur bei bis zu 50 % der Patienten eine suffiziente Schmerzkontrolle. Der Einsatz von Opioiden bei neuropathischen Schmerzen im Rahmen einer eskalierenden Therapiestrategie wurde bisher kontrovers diskutiert. Neuere Studien zeigen eine Wirksamkeit von Opiaten und Opioiden bei dieser Indikation, die der der etablierten Medikamente ebenbürtig ist. Die hier dargestellte Analyse von acht randomisierten und kontrollierten Untersuchungen mit oraler Gabe von Opioiden und Opiaten ergab eine mittlere number-needed-to-treat von 2,98 (Standardabweichung 0,93). Viele Studien konnten eine Verbesserung der Alltagsfunktionen unter der Therapie nachweisen, im Gegensatz zu trizyklischen Antidepressiva scheint es nicht zu einer kognitiven Beeinträchtigung zu kommen. Damit stellen Opioide und Opiate eine wichtige therapeutische Option zur erfolgreichen Behandlung neurogener Schmerzsyndrome dar. Spezifische Therapiekomplikationen müssen beachtet werden. Der Patient muss über Vor- und Nachteile des Therapiekonzeptes aufgeklärt werden, einschließlich dem substanzbedingten Auftreten einer körperlichen Abhängigkeit. Das bei den meisten Patienten zu beobachtende Auftreten unerwünschter Wirkungen mit Übelkeit, Obstipation, Sedierung, Schwindel und Juckreiz bei unterschiedlich starker Ausprägung muss ggf. therapeutisch gemildert werden. Diese führen deutlich häufiger als bei Therapien mit trizyklischen Antidepressiva oder Ionenkanalblockern zum Therapieabbruch. Dabei liegen die Abbruchquoten bei Patienten mit neuropathischen Schmerzen niedriger als bei anderen Schmerzindikationen, was am ehesten an den im Vergleich deutlich niedrigeren Tagesdosen mit Äquivalenzdosen zwischen 15 und 40 mg Morphin pro Tag liegt. Eine Toleranzentwicklung mit Wirkverlust und subsequenter Dosissteigerung wurde bei Patienten mit neuropathischen Schmerzen bisher nicht beobachtet. Patienten mit Suchtanamnese sind für diesen Therapieansatz wegen des prinzipiellen Suchtpotenzials nicht geeignet und müssen im Vorfeld zuverlässig identifiziert werden. Geeigneten Patienten mit neuropathischen Schmerzen darf damit auch nach Kriterien der evidence-based medicine die Anwendung von Opiaten und Opioiden nicht vorenthalten werden.
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is defined as a pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the peripheral and/or central nervous system independent of the single cause. Accepted pharmacological therapy with tricyclic antidepressants and ion-channel-blocker enable satisfactory pain control only in up to 50 % of patients considering the numbers-needed-to-treat between 2 und 3.7. The use of opioids in an escalating therapeutic strategy in neuropathic pain is controversially discussed. Recent studies demonstrate an efficacy of opioids in these patients, which is similar to established drugs. In this analysis of eight randomized controlled trials with oral opioids a mean number-needed-to-treat of 2.98 was found (standard error 0.93). Many of these studies showed an improvement of disability und social funcitoning scores. In contrast to tricyclic antidepressants no impact on cognitive function was found. Therefore opioids are an important option for the successful therapy of neuropathic pain syndroms. Specific issues in the use of opioids must be observed. The patient must give informed consent to advantages and disadvantages of this approach, including the physical dependency which is immanent in opioids. Side effects like nausea, constipation, sedation, dizziness and pruritus occur in most patients to variable degree and must be treated if necessary. They cause discontinuation of therapy more frequently than tricyclic antidepressants or ion-channel-blocker. Overall the discontinuation rate is lower than in other pain syndromes treated with opioids, which is most likely due to the lower mean daily dosages of an equivalent of 15 to 40 mg morphine necessary. The development tolerance with loss of efficacy and subsequent increase in dose was not observed in patients with neuropathic pain. Patients with a history of addiction must be excluded from the use of opioids before therapy is initiated. Therapy with opioids should not be withhold from suitable patients with neuropathic pain as also criteria of evidence-based medicine support their use.
Literatur
- 1 Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of Chronic Pain, Second Edition, IASP Task Force on Taxonomy. Seattle; IASP Press 1994: 209-214
- 2 Sindrup S H, Jensen T S. Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanisms of drug action. Pain. 1999; 83 389-400
- 3 Arnér S, Meyerson B A. Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain. 1988; 33 11-23
- 4 Haddox J D. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. A consensus statement from the American Academy of pain medicine and the American pain society. Clin J Pain. 1997; 13 6-8
- 5 Sorgatz H, Hege-Scheuing G, Kopf A. et al . Langzeitanwendung von Opioiden bei nichttumorbedingten Schmerzen. Deutsches Ärzteblatt. 2002; 99 A2180-2185
- 6 Watson C P, Babul N. Efficacy of oxycodone in neuropathic pain: a randomized trial in postherpetic neuralgia. Neurology. 1998; 50 1837-1841
- 7 Harati Y, Gooch C, Swenson M. et al . Double-blind randomized trial of tramadol for the treatment of the pain of diabetic neuropathy. Neurology. 1998; 50 1842-1846
- 8 Sindrup S H, Andersen G, Madsen C. et al . Tramadol relieves pain and allodynia in polyneuropathy: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain. 1999; 83 85-90
- 9 Sindrup S H, Madsen C, Brosen K, Jensen T S. The effect of tramadol in painful polyneuropathy in relation to serum drug and metabolite levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999; 66 636-641
- 10 Huse E, Larbig W, Flor H, Birbaumer N. The effect of opioids on phantom limb pain and cortical reorganization. Pain. 2001; 90 47-55
- 11 Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif H U. et al . The response of neuropathic pain and pain in complex regional pain syndrome I to carbamazepine and sustained-release morphine in patients pretreated with spinal cord stimulation: a double-blinded randomized study. Anesth Analg. 2001; 92 488-495
- 12 Raja S N, Haythornthwaite J A, Pappagallo M. et al . Opioids versus antidepressants in postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2002; 59 1015-1021
- 13 Maier C, Hildebrandt J, Klinger R. et al, MONTAS Study Group . Morphine responsiveness, efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic non-tumor associated pain - results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (MONTAS). Pain. 2002; 97 223-233
- 14 Göbel H, Stadler T. Treatment of post-herpes zoster pain with tramadol. Results of an open pilot study versus clomipramine with or without levomepromazine. Drugs. 1997; 53, Suppl 2 34-39
- 15 Cherny N I. Opioid analgesics. Comparative features and prescribing guidelines. Drugs. 1996; 51 713-737
- 16 Benedetti F, Vighetti S, Amanzio M. et al . Dose-response relationship in nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Pain. 1998; 74 205-211
- 17 Ventafridda V, Ripamonti C, Conno F de. et al . Antidepressants increase availability of morphine in cancer patients. Lancet. 1987; 1 1204
- 18 Ventafridda V, Bianchi M, Ripamonti C. et al . Study on the effects of antidepressant drugs on the nociceptive action of morphine and on plasma morphine in rat and man. Pain. 1990; 43 155-162
- 19 Thomsen A B, Becker N, Eriksen J. Opioid rotation in chronic non-malignant pain patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1999; 43 918-923
- 20 Arkinstall W, Sandler A, Goughnour B. et al . Efficacy of controlled-release codeine in chronic non-malignant pain: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain. 1995; 62 169-178
- 21 Lloyd R S, Costello F, Eves M J. et al . The efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release dihydrocodeine tablets and combination dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol tablets in patients with severe osteoarthritis of the hips. Curr Med Res Opin. 1992; 13 37-48
- 22 Moulin D E, Iezzi A, Amireh R. et al . Randomised trial of oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain. Lancet. 1996; 20 143-147
- 23 Simpson R K, Edmondson E A, Constant C F, Collier C. Transdermal fentanyl as treatment for chronic low back pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997; 14 218-224
- 24 Hale M E, Fleischmann R, Salzmann R. et al . Efficacy and safety of controlled-release versus immediate-release oxycodone: randomized, double-blind evaluation in patients with chronic back pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1999; 15 179-183
- 25 McQuay H J, Tramèr M, Nye B A. et al . A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain. 1996; 68 217-227
- 26 McQuay H, Carroll D, Jadad A R. et al . Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review. BMJ. 1995; 311 1047-1052
- 27 Dole V P. Narcotic addiction, physical dependence and relapse. N Engl J Med. 1972; 286 988-992
- 28 Adriaensen H, Vissers K, Noorduin H, Meert T. Opioid tolerance and dependence: an inevitable consequence of chronic treatment. Acta Anaesth Belg. 2003; 54 37-47
- 29 South S M, Smith M T. Analgesic tolerance to opioids. IASP Pain Clinical Updates 2001 Vol IX/5
- 30 Medina J L, Diamond S. Drug dependency in patients with chronic headache. Headache. 1977; 17 12-14
- 31 Perry S, Heidrich G. Management of pain during debridement: a survey of US burn units. Pain. 1982; 13 267-280
- 32 Winkelmüller M, Winkelmüller W. Long-term effects of continuous intrathekal opioid treatment in chronic pain of non-malignant etiology. Neurosurg. 1996; 85 458-467
- 33 France R D, Urban B J, Keefe F J. Long-term use of narcotic analgesics in chronic pain. Soc Sci Med. 1984; 19 1379-1382
- 34 Tennant F, Robinson D, Sagherian A, Seecof R. Chronic opioid treatment of intractable, non-malignant pain. NIDA Res Monogr. 1988; 81 174-180
- 35 Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M. Long-term oral opioid therapy in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1992; 7 69-77
- 36 Dellemijn P L, Duijn H van, Vanneste J AL. Prolonged treatment with transdermal fentanyl in neuropatic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1998; 16 220-229
- 37 Schulzeck S, Gleim M, Maier C. Morphintabletten bei chronischen nicht-tumorbedingten Schmerzen. Anaesthesist. 1993; 42 545-556
- 38 Way W L. Basic mechanisms in narcotiv tolerance and physical dependence. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1978; 311 61-68
- 39 American Psychiatric Association .Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington DC; American Psychiatric Association 1994
- 40 American Society of Addiction Medicine . Public policy statement on definitions related to the use of opioids in pain treatment. J Addict Dis. 1998; 17 129-133
- 41 Fishbain D A, Rosomoff H L, Rosomoff R S. Drug abuse, dependence and addiction in chronic pain patients. Clin J Pain. 1992; 8 77-85
- 42 Regier D A, Myers J K, Kramer M. et al . The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984; 41 934-941
- 43 Zacny J, Bigelow G, Compton P. et al . College on problems of drug dependence taskforce on prescription opioid non-medical use and abuse: position statement. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2003; 69 215-232
- 44 Portenoy R K, Foley K M. Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: report of 38 cases. Pain. 1986; 25 171-186
- 45 American Academy of Pain and the American Pain Society . The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: a consensus statement from the American Academy of Pain and the American Pain Society. Clin J Pain. 1997; 13 6-8
- 46 Abreu M E, Bigelow G E, Fleisher L, Walsh S L. Effecte of intravenous injection speed on responses to cocaine and hydromorphone in humans. Psychopharmacology. 2001; 154 76-84
- 47 Roset P N, Farre M, Torre R de la. et al . Modulation of rate of onset and intensity of drug effects reduces abuse potential in healthy males. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001; 64 285-298
- 48 Weissman D E, Haddox J D. Opioid pseudoaddiction - an iotragenic syndrome. Pain. 1989; 46 363-366
- 49 Portenoy R K. Chronic opioid therapy in non-malignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1990; 5 S46-S62
- 50 Schug S A, Large R G. Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain. Pain - Clinical updates 1995, Volume III, Issue 3. International association for the study of pain.
- 51 Jamison R N. Comprehensive treatment and outcome assessment for chronic opioid therapy in nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1996; 11 231-241
- 52 Nedeljkovic S S, Wasan A, Jamison R N. Assessment of efficacy of long-term opioid therapy in pain patients with substance abuse potential. Clin J Pain. 2002; 18 S39-S51
Privatdozent Dr. med. Stefan Braune
Neurozentrum Prien
Bernauer Straße 12
83209 Prien
eMail: braune@neurozentrum-prien.de