Exclusively endoscopic approach to treating gastric perforation caused by an intragastric balloon: case series and literature review

Abstract

Background and study aims Obesity is a serious disease, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Intragastric balloons (IGBs) have been in use since the 1980s. After the insertion of an IGB, complications such as migration of the device and even severe gastric perforation can occur, requiring laparoscopic surgery. Here, we report three cases of gastric perforation after IGB insertion. In all three cases, the perforation was successfully repaired through an exclusively endoscopic approach.

Introduction

Obesity is a serious disease, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality [1]. There are a number of measures to facilitate weight loss, ranging from dietary changes to endoscopic and surgical procedures [2] [3].

Intragastric balloons (IGBs) have been in use since the 1980s [4] [5]. During the evolution of IGB use, complications arose with the earlier, air-filled models, including leakage and migration of the device from the stomach into the small intestine, resulting in intestinal obstruction. Complications that are more serious, such as bleeding and gastric perforation, can also occur, especially during insertion or removal of the device [6] [7].

Here, we report three cases of late gastric perforation after IGB insertion that were successfully treated using an exclusively endoscopic approach. This is the first report of use of this approach.

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Case reports

Patient 1

A 36-year-old woman with a body mass index (BMI) of 34 kg/m² (class I obesity) who had undergone placement of an IGB (Spatz3; Spatz FGIA, Inc., Great Neck, New York, United States) 5 months prior presented to the emergency room with moderate epigastric pain. She had not previously undergone gastric manipulation. She had stopped taking the prescribed proton pump inhibitor, of her own volition, 3 months prior to seeking treatment. An x-ray of the abdomen revealed no abnormalities. After analgesia, she presented improvement and was discharged.

The woman returned to the emergency room 6 hours later because her pain had worsened. Physical examination revealed intense upper abdominal pain without peritoneal irritation. She was not febrile, and her heart rate was within normal limits. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showe pneumoperitoneum in the subdiaphragmatic and subhepatic regions, without free fluid in the abdominal cavity. Laboratory tests showed a white blood cell (WBC) count of 12,000/µL, without elevated proportions of band or segmented neutrophils, and a C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 2 mg/dL.

Antibiotic therapy, water/electrolyte replacement, and analgesia were started. During upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which was performed in the operating room, without CO₂ insufflation, the IGB was removed. A deep ulcer, with a diameter of approximately 1 cm, was identified in the anterior wall of the gastric body ([Fig. 1]). The orifice was closed with two hemoclips (Resolution; Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts, United States), and the final appearance was satisfactory ([Fig. 2]). There was no need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission.

Fig. 1 Perforation.

Fig. 2 Closure of the ulcer with clips.

On post-procedure day 3, CT showed a slight increase in the pneumoperitoneum, without leakage of fluid into the cavity. At that time, the WBC count was 14,000/µL, still without elevated proportions of band or segmented neutrophils, and the CRP level was down to 1.2 mg/dL. The patient was still afebrile and showed no abdominal pain on palpation. She was started on a liquid diet, which was well accepted. On post-procedure day 5, the patient was discharged with a prescription for an oral antibiotic, the liquid diet being maintained.

Patient 2

A 31-year-old woman with a BMI of 31 kg/m² (class I obesity) who had undergone placement of an IGB (Corporea; Medicone, Cachoeirinha, Brazil) 6 days prior and was taking a proton pump inhibitor presented to the emergency room with a 6-hour history of mild but progressively increasing pain in her left shoulder. She had no history of gastric surgery.

The patient was in good general condition and afebrile, with a heart rate of 86 bpm and a blood pressure of 120/75 mmHg. Physical examination revealed a flaccid, painless abdomen without signs of peritoneal irritation. An abdominal x-ray revealed no indication of pneumoperitoneum and showed the IGB within the gastric pouch. Her pain worsened, migrating to the left subcostal region.

After 12 hours of observation, the pain persisted, despite treatment with opioids, and a non-contrast-enhanced CT scan revealed a discrete left subdiaphragmatic liquid layer containing a small amount of air, which was also present in the perihepatic region ([Fig. 3]). The IGB was seen to be compressed against the anterior wall of the gastric body ([Fig. 4]). Therefore, the patient was admitted. At admission, her leukocyte count was 12,900 cells/mm³, with no left shift, and her CRP level was 3 mg/dL.

Fig. 3 Abdominal CT showing pneumoperitoneum.

Fig. 4 Graphic representation of a balloon compressed against the anterior gastric wall.

We opted for introduction of broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, to be followed by endoscopic management. During the endoscopy, which was performed with minimal insufflation of the gastric pouch, the IGB was removed. Insufflation with CO₂ was not used.

Two shallow fibrin-coated ulcers (3 mm and 7 mm in diameter, respectively), together with a perforating lesion (approximately 3 mm in diameter), were observed in the greater curvature of the stomach, extending toward the anterior gastric wall ([Fig. 5]). The lesion was closed with two hemoclips (Instinct; Cook Medical, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States), and two more Instinct hemoclips were applied to the ulcers to prevent bleeding ([Fig. 6]). Post-procedure admission to the ICU was not necessary.

Fig. 5 Site of perforation in the anterior wall of the gastric body.

Fig. 6 Exclusively endoscopic treatment with use of metal clips.

On post-procedure Day 1, the patient’s leukocyte count was 15,900 cells/mm³, with 2 % rods, her CRP level was 3 mg/dL, and there was significant improvement in her abdominal pain. At 48 hours after the procedure, oral contrast-enhanced CT showed a reduction in the pneumoperitoneum that was restricted to the left hypochondrium and epigastrium. There was no extravasation of the oral contrast agent.

At 72 hours after the procedure, the patient was free of complaints. She was started on a liquid diet, which was well accepted. Her leukocyte count was 14,900 cells/mm³, with no shift, and her CRP level was 18 mg/dL. The patient was discharged on Day 5 after admission. At this writing, she is in outpatient treatment and is still asymptomatic.

Patient 3

A 26-year-old woman with a BMI of 38 kg/m² (class II obesity) who had undergone placement of an IGB (ORBERA; Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, Texas, United States) 5 months prior and had discontinued use of the prescribed proton pump inhibitor in the second post-procedure month developed severe upper abdominal pain, which prompted her to seek treatment in the emergency room. During the 5 months since the procedure, she had lost 30 kg. She had no history of gastric surgery. On deep palpation, she showed pain in the upper abdomen, although without painful decompression and normal peristalsis. She was afebrile. Her leukocyte count was 9,000 cells/mm³ and her CRP level was 7 mg/dL.

The patient underwent a CT scan of the abdomen, which showed that the IGB was still intact within the gastric body, there was a large amount of residual food in her stomach, and there was pneumoperitoneum ( [Fig. 7]), although no collections were seen. The IGB was removed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, which revealed a perforated ulcer of approximately 1 cm in diameter in the anterior wall of the gastric body ([Fig. 8]), into which the balloon was nestled. The decision was made to close the lesion with three metal clips (Resolution; Boston Scientific), as depicted in [Fig. 9].

Fig. 7 CT showing pneumoperitoneum.

Fig. 8 Perforated ulcer.

Fig. 9 Perforation.

After the procedure, the patient was admitted to the ICU, where she received no food or liquid by mouth and was started on intravenous antibiotic therapy. On post-procedure Day 4, her leukocyte count was 7,800 cells/mm³ and her CRP level was 4 mg/dL. Oral contrast-enhanced CT revealed no leakage into the abdominal cavity. The patient remained afebrile and her pain had lessened. On post-procedure Day 4, she was started on a liquid diet, which she tolerated well. On post-procedure Day 7, the patient was discharged with instructions to remain on a soft diet until post-discharge Day 10, when she could begin a solid diet. At 30 days after the procedure, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed complete closure of the orifice, with three clips still in place.

Discussion

Concern regarding obesity has been growing worldwide [8]. The first steps in treatment of obesity are always lifestyle changes, focusing on a balanced diet and increased physical activity. However, diet and pharmacological therapy are limited in their potential for achieving sustained weight loss, being effective in fewer than 5 % of cases [9].

In contrast, bariatric surgery provides the most effective and prolonged response, in terms of weight loss, with excellent control of obesity-associated comorbidities [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]. However, indications for bariatric surgery are quite specific and it is not without risks [7] [14] [15].

Use of endoscopic procedures to control obesity can provide some of the benefits of bariatric surgery [16] [17]. Such procedures have the advantages of often being reversible, having a lower risk profile, and being applicable in patients who are not candidates for laparoscopic or open surgery or who are at high surgical risk.

The first IGBs were introduced in the 1980 s, and IGBs of one type or another have been used in clinical practice ever since [4] [5]. Insertion of an IGB is expected to increase the sensation of satiety and to reduce oral food intake. The IGBs available have evolved significantly in recent years. Early models were inflated with air and had a limited (200 – 220 mL) final volume. Over time, it became apparent that use of IGBs had some potential complications. Due to their low resistance to the effects of gastric acid, earlier versions of IGBs lasted no more than 3 to 4 months [18]. The most common side effects associated with use of those IGBs were nausea, difficulty in inflating or deflating the balloon, unexpected deflation, and migration, any of which could lead to serious complications [19] [20] [21]. To address this concern, specialists organized a conference to determine the ideal characteristics of safe and effective IGB practice [19]. The recommended procedure is one in which the IGB is introduced endoscopically, after which it is filled with 400 to 700 mL of saline and methylene blue; the methylene blue is added because it changes the color of the urine if the balloon ruptures [5] [22] [23]. The current generation of IGBs includes devices with capacities of up to 960 mL.

The number of adverse events (AEs) associated with IGB insertion varies across studies. In one clinical trial of IGB use, Genco et al. [24] observed no such events. In another such trial, Ponce et al. [25] reported 28 AEs. Of the eight randomized controlled trials of IGBs conducted to date, only six reported AEs, with a weighted mean incidence of 28.2 %. The weighted mean reported incidence of serious AEs was 10.5 %, initial removal of the device being required in three studies [20] [26] [27]. Severe AEs include persistent vomiting, abdominal pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease, deep ulcers, and perforation during endoscopy. Ulcers were reported in the studies conducted by Ponce et al. [25], Mohammed et al. [28], and Shelby et al. [29]. Although classified as a moderate AE, an ulcer, left untreated, can become life-threatening, especially if there is perforation. [30]

The mechanism by which IGB-induced perforation occurs is not well known. It is believed that an IGB causes perforation because it exerts constant pressure on and is in continuous contact with the gastric wall. One of the most common risk factors for perforation is poor adherence to or discontinuation of treatment with the PPI prescribed. Perforation can lead to peritoneal complications, which can be lethal [31]. Because there is limited evidence in the literature regarding the durability and efficacy of IGBs, the available studies having certain limitations, it is recommended that an IGB not be left in place for more than 6 months [3] [23] [32]. However, that time frame is not absolute, because most reported cases of IGB-induced perforation have occurred during the first 6 months after insertion of the device[32], as in all three of the cases described in the current study.

The first case of gastric perforation after IGB insertion was reported in 2003 [33].

In our case series, a different type of IGB was used in each of the three patients and scheduled to remain for 6 months. Against medical advice, two of the patients had discontinued use of the PPI, which could also be considered a major risk factor for IGB-induced perforation ([Table 1]). All three patients were found to have an ulcer in the anterior gastric wall. Hospital stays did not exceed 7 days.

Table 1 Patient characteristics.

	Patient 1	Patient 2	Patient 3
Gender	Female	Female	Female
Age	36	31	26
Weight at balloon insertion	87 kg	74,5 kg	94 kg
BMI	34 kg/m2	31 kg/m2	38 kg/m2
Balloon Type	Spatz 3	Medicone	Orbera
Balloon volume	500 mL	600 mL	600 mL
Time of perforation occurence	5 months after balloon placement	6 days after balloon placement	5 Months after balloon placement
PPI discontinued	Third month	Using PPI	Second month
Time to perforation	5 months	6 days	5 months

The usual treatment for IGB-induced gastric perforations is laparotomy for device removal and repair of the perforation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such perforations being treated exclusively through endoscopy. In their case report, Mohamed et al. [34] also applied conservative treatment, although the treatment did not involve endoscopic interventions such as clip placement. In our review of the cases in the literature ([Table 2]), we observed that, of the 21 patients who developed gastric perforation after IGB insertion, 3 (14.2 %) evolved to death.

Table 2 Summary of 15 studies reporting cases of gastric perforation following intragastric balloon insertion.

Year	Author	Journal	History	Time to perforation after balloon insertion	Management	Outcome
2003	Roche-Nagle et al. [33]	Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England	None	2 months	Laparotomy	Recovery
2003	Giardiello et al. [35]	Obesity Surgery	Fundoplication	18 days	Laparotomy	Recovery
2005	Genco et al. [24]	Obesity Surgery	None (n = 1); gastric surgery (n = 4)	–	Laparotomy (n = 3); and laparoscopy (n = 2)	Death (n = 2); and recovery (n = 3)
2009	Koutelidakis et al. [36]	Obesity Surgery	None	2 days	Laparotomy	Death
2009	Śmigielski et al. [37]	Obesity Surgery	None	9 days	Laparoscopy + endoscopy	Recovery
2010	Knoetze et al. [38]	Continuing Medical Education	None	7 months	Laparotomy	Recovery
2011	Baigel et al. [39]	BMJ Case Reports	None	22 months	Laparotomy	Recovery
2011	Sánchez-Pérez et al. [40]	Revista de Gastroenterología de México	None	2 months	Laparoscopy	Recovery
2012	Charalambous et al. [41]	Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases	None	2 months	Laparoscopy	Recovery
2014	Bekheit et al. [34]	Obesity Surgery	None	2 months	Conservative	Recovery
2015	El Hage Chehade et al. [42]	Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases	Sleeve gastrectomy	Same day	Laparotomy/subtotal gastrectomy	Recovery
2016	Dayan et al. [32]	Obesity Surgery	None	10 months	Laparoscopy + endoscopy	Recovery
2016	Abou Hussein et al. [43]	Obesity Surgery	None (n = 3)	3,6,7 months	Laparoscopy + endoscopy	Recovery
2017	Yoo et al. [44]	Clinical Endoscopy	None	2 months	Laparoscopy	Recovery
2018	Rahman et al. [45]	Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases	None	13 months	Laparoscopy	Recovery

In our patients, exclusive treatment by endoscopy was successful in removing the IGBs and effective in management of perforations. This was of great benefit, especially because a major operation (laparotomy) under general anesthesia could be avoided and early hospital discharge and consequently rapid return of the patients to their normal activities was faciitated.

All patients were followed up clinically monthly and endoscopically after 1 year. No symptoms were identified during the clinic follow-up. Two patients have had a normal upper gastrointestinal exam, with no scars. One patient underwent endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty after 1 year. During the pre-procedure endoscopy, one hemoclip was still in place ([Fig. 10]).

Fig. 10 Endoscopy of case 2 to 6 months later.

Conclusion

Exclusively endoscopic therapy for gastric perforations that occur after insertion of an IGB is possible in selected cases. use of this approach precludes the need for emergency surgery in such cases.

Competing interests

None

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