Introduction
The number of gastrointestinal subepithelial tumors (SETs) identified is increasing
with the use of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) [1 ]. SETs are tumors that originate from beneath the mucosal layer [2 ]. Upper gastrointestinal SETs < 2 cm can often be followed with periodic surveillance
with endoscopy and EUS. However, some of these tumors have the potential to become
malignant and may require resection. The malignant potential of SETs has been reported
to be around 13 % in EUS series [3 ]. Certain factors on EUS have been associated with increased risk of malignancy including
large tumor size, heterogeneous echo pattern or cystic spaces on EUS, along with ulceration
[4 ]
[5 ]
[6 ]. Those originating from the muscular propria (MP) layer or those of large diameter
have a higher potential to become malignant requiring resection [7 ].
Techniques that are available for lesion removal include surgery or endoscopic resection.
Submucosal esophageal and gastric lesions can be removed endoscopically using different
advanced endoscopic techniques. Submucosal tunneling for endoscopic resection (STER)
is an effective endoscopic way of resecting tumors [8 ]
[9 ]
[10 ]
[11 ] that involves tunneling within the submucosa surrounding the lesion in order to
complete the en bloc resection. Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) is also
a safe and effective way to resect SETs [12 ]
[17 ]
[18 ]
[19 ]. This technique involves removal of the lesion by creating a full-thickness defect
that is closed after en bloc removal. An alternative technique involves laparoscopic
endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) where the lesion is partially resected using
endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) technique and then fully removed and or closed
with laparoscopic surgery [20 ]. In this study, we aim to compare the endoscopic techniques of STER and EFTR with
LECS.
Patients and methods
Patients
Consecutive patients who underwent resection of a submucosal esophageal or gastric
lesion ([Fig. 1 ] and [Fig. 2 ]) from nine tertiary care centers and 12 endoscopists were included in a dedicated
registry over three years. The performing endoscopists were specifically trained in
ESD with at least 50 ESDs performed prior to conducting EFTR or STER procedures. All
of the surgically assisted LECS were performed using the classical LECS method.
Fig. 1 Laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic resection. a Subepithelial lesion next to the cardia. b Full-thickness endoscopic resection including muscularis propria and exposing serosa
layer. c Endoscopic view of laparoscopic gastric suture to close the defect. d Specimen resected en bloc. Histology revealed a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
from the muscularis propria without mitosis with free margins. Immunochemistry revealed
positivity for CD117 and CD34.
Fig. 2 Submucosal tunneling for endoscopic resection. a Subepithelial lesion in the stomach before STER. b Opening of the tunnel with horizontal incision. c Isolation of the lesion within the tunnel created. d Removal of the lesion leaving an empty tunnel. e Closure of the opening with clips.
Demographics, size of resected lesion, location of lesion, histology of specimen,
length of procedure, adverse events (AEs), duration of hospital stay, and follow-up
data were collected. We used the size and location of the lesion to determine which
technique would be best suited for the patient.
Statistics
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and t -test analyses were conducted for comparing continuous variables between the groups,
while Chi Square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables. Two-sided
P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All descriptive and statistical
analyses were conducted using MedCalc V18.9 (MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium).
Results
Clinical characteristics
A total of 96 patients were included in the study (47.7 % male, mean age 62): STER
n = 34, EFTR n = 34, LECS n = 28. The histology of the lesions pre-resection included
leiomyoma (n = 25), GIST (n = 41), ectopic pancreas (8), lipoma (8), schwannoma (4),
carcinoid tumors (5), and granular cell tumors (5). Most of the lesions in the EFTR
and LECS were GISTs. In the STER group, there were more lesions categorized as “other
(ectopic pancreas, lipoma, schwannoma, carcinoid tumor and granular cell tumors)”
in comparison to leiomyoma and GIST ([Table 1 ]).
Table 1
Comparison of clinical characteristics.
STER
EFTR
LECS
P value
n
34
34
28
Age (mean)
59.3 yrs (13.3 SD)
61.6 yr (16.3 SD) median 65
59 yr (SD 11) median 61.5
.821537
Gender
Male
19 (56 %)
14 (41 %)
12 (43 %)
Procedure time (mins)
96.2 (SD 52)
87.6 (SD 40.7)
128.7 (SD 48.6)
.000078
STER, submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection; EFTR, endoscopic full-thickness resection;
ESD endoscopic submucosal dissection; SD, standard deviation.
There was no statistically significant difference between the resection sizes of STER
(23.2 mm, SD 18.2 mm), EFTR (35.7 mm, SD 15.8 mm), and LECS (33.4 mm, SD 16.7 mm).
Procedure time and hospital stay
The mean procedure time was 96.2 minutes (range, 43–153), 87.6 minutes (45.3–127.2),
and 128.7 minutes (92.8–185) for the STER, EFTR, and LECS groups, respectively. Within
the STER group, the endoscopic method of closure included 21 patients getting clips,
six patients getting over-the-scope clips (OTSCs) and 16 patients getting endosuturing.
Within the EFTR group, the endoscopic method of closure included six patients getting
clips, five patients getting OTSCs and 28 patients getting endosuturing.
The mean length of hospital stay was 1.5, 1.8, and 2.3 days for the STER, EFTR, and
LECS groups, respectively. The LECS group procedure time and hospital stay were significantly
longer than for both STER and EFTR (P < 0.01). LECS cases were at least 30 minutes longer than STER or EFTR (P < 0.01). Total hospital stay for the LECS group was also longer than compared to
STER (1.5) or EFTR (1.8) (P < 0.01).
Histopathology assessment
In the STER group, final histopathology showed nine leiomyomas (26.5 %), seven GISTs
(20.5 %), and 18 “other” tumors (53%). In the EFTR group, there were six leiomyomas
(17.5 %), 20 GISTs (59 %) and eight “other” tumors (23.5 %). In the LECS group, there
were 10 leiomyomas (35.7 %), 14 GISTs (50 %), and four “other” tumors (14.3 %) ([Table 2 ] and [Table 3 ]). The pathological findings showed clear margins in 32 (94 %) STER group, 33 (97 %)
in the EFTR group, and 28 (100 %) in the LECS group. The difference was not statistically
significant, (P = 0.83). These lesions were diagnosed histologically before resection with EUS fine
needle aspiration.
Table 2
Location of tumor lesions.
STER
EFTR
LECS
Upper esophagus
1
0
0
Mid esophagus
3
1
0
Lower esophagus
8
3
1
Gastroesophageal junction
2
3
2
Fundus
2
13
13
Body
10
7
9
Antrum
8
7
3
Total
34
34
28
STER, submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection; EFTR, endoscopic full-thickness resection;
ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection.
Table 3
Histopathology of lesions.
STER
EFTR
LECS
Leiomyoma
9
6
10
GIST
7
20
14
Schwannoma
1
0
3
Other benign tumor
11
2
0
Other
6
6
1
Size on resection
23.2 mm (SD 18.2 mm)
35.7 mm (SD 15.8 mm)
33.4 mm (SD 16.7)
STER, submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection; EFTR, endoscopic full-thickness resection;
ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; GIST gastrointestinal stromal tumor; SD, standard
deviation.
Complications
There was no significant difference between groups in the incidence of complications
([Table 4 ]). There was one complication (3 %), consisting of a pneumoperitoneum requiring decompression,
in the STER group. In the EFTR group, there was one case (3 %) of pneumoperitoneum
requiring decompression and two cases of perforation (6 %). One was an esophageal
tear treated with clip placement. The other case of perforation was a delayed perforation
seen after recovery of the patient. In comparison, there were two cases (7 %) of gastrointestinal
intraluminal hemorrhage, two cases (7 %) of perforation and three cases (10.7 %) of
intra-abdominal hemorrhage seen in the LECS group. Intra-abdominal hemorrhage was
the result of delayed bleeding in the two cases in the LECS group. The two gastrointestinal
intraluminal hemorrhage only required transfusion and resolved spontaneously. Two
of three patients with intra-abdominal hemorrhages required observation only. The
third one was temporized with clipping and then went to surgery.
Table 4
Operative complications according to procedure.
Complication
Clavien-Dindo classification
STER
EFTR
LECS
n
34
34
28
Pneumoperitoneum
2b
1
1
2
Perforation
2b
0
1
2
Gastrointestinal intraluminal hemorrhage
2b
0
0
2
Intra-abdominal hemorrhage
2b
0
0
3
STER, submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection; EFTR, endoscopic full-thickness resection;
ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection.
Follow-up after treatment
Patients were followed up with repeat endoscopy at 3, 6, and 12 months post-procedure.
If any abnormality was seen, further imaging was obtained. The mean follow-up time
was 13, 13, and 12.5 months in the STER, EFTR, and LECS groups, respectively (9.8–10.1).
There was one recurrence (3 %) in the STER group. This was seen 3 years post-resection
in a patient with leiomyoma. The patient presented with dysphagia and underwent endoscopy
with repeat resection. No recurrence was noted in the EFTR and lap-assisted ESD group
([Table 5 ]).
Table 5
Post-procedure results.
STER
EFTR
LECS
P value
n
34
34
28
Complications
1 (3 %)
3 (9 %)
9 (32 %)
.02968
Clear margins on resection
32 (94 %)
33 (97 %)
28 (100 %)
0.829158
Post-procedure hospital stay (days)
1.5 (SD 0.78)
1.8 (SD 1)
2.3 (SD 0.71)
< .00001
Recurrence
1
0
0
Total follow-up duration (months)
13 months (SD 10.7)
13 months (SD 8.8)
12.5 months (SD 6.7)
.06155
STER, submucosal tunnel endoscopic resection; EFTR, endoscopic full-thickness resection;
ESD endoscopic submucosal dissection; SD, standard deviation.
Discussion
To our knowledge, our study is the first to report results comparing STER and EFTR
of submucosal gastric and esophageal lesions with laparoscopic-assisted resection.
EFTR and STER is indicated for SETs that are < 5 cm in diameter, arising from the
muscularis propria. If they are greater than 5 cm, the combined surgical approach
such as LECs is recommended. STER is utilized in areas of the GI tract where tunneling
is possible. Use of EFTR is limited for esophageal SETs. For esophageal lesions, STER
is preferable. EFTR is used for gastric, duodenal lesions and colonic lesions [21 ]. STER is used in locations where a tunnel can be made and be reached in a straight
line, which includes from the mid esophagus to the gastric cardia [22 ].
Endoscopic resection has many advantages over surgical resection such as utilizing
the natural cavity of the patient thereby leaving no scars on the abdomen, reducing
inflammatory factors associated with surgical trauma, and lower incidences of infection
[23 ]. Endoscopic resection also allows for limited alteration of anatomy of the upper
gastrointestinal tract compared to surgical resection of the gastric cavity, which
completely changes the anatomy of the structure and may lead to other comorbidities.
And lastly, endoscopic resection has less bleeding and higher manipulation ability
than laparoscopic resection. However, endoscopic resection is generally not feasible
for large tumors, which often require surgical resection. A study by Wang et al. [23 ] retrospectively compared endoscopic and laparoscopic resection on non-intracavitary
gastric stromal tumors in 66 patients. The study demonstrated that the median operation
times and hospitalization fees of the endoscopic group were significantly lower than
the laparoscopic group. This study showed that hospital stay for the two groups was
similar [23 ].
More than 20 studies using STER have been published with outcome data on 700 plus
patients showing a pooled therapeutic success of > 77 % with an en bloc resection
rate of > 85 % and no recurrences [24 ]. In > 20 studies where STER had been used, there was a decreased rate of serious
complications and there was no STER-associated mortality reported. [1 ] Wang et al [25 ] conducted a retrospective study of 39 patients with esophageal leiomyoma in which
21 of the patients received ESD and 18 of the patients received STER. The study demonstrated
that the efficacy and complications of the ESD and STER were comparable, but STER
was associated with decreased operating time, shorter duration of hospital stay, and
faster rate of healing of the incision when compared with ESD. A large study consisting
of 290 patients with SETs who underwent STER had an overall incidence rate of complications
at 23.4 % (68/290) [26 ]. Xu et al. [8 ] reported a 13.3 % perforation rate (2 of 15) in their study for resection of esophageal
SETs with STER. This study demonstrated a mean procedure time of 78.7 minutes (range
25–130 minutes) and showed that all the lesions were successfully resected with lateral
and vertical free margins [8 ]. A study by Ye at al. [27 ] in which resection was done for esophageal SETs showed a perforation rate of 20 %
(3 of 15). The average follow-up period was of 3.5 months after treatment with STER
(range 1–9 months) and there was no residual tumor tissue or tumor recurrence noted
in the study [27 ]. Our study had a perforation rate of 3.3 % (1 of 30). It may differ from the Xu
et al. [8 ] study since all large defects in the EFTR group were closed with endoscopic suturing
in the patients treated endoscopically, decreasing the chance of delayed perforation.
The mean procedure time for our study was 104 min (P < 0.01) which is in the range for the Xu et al. [27 ] study. Our study was similar and showed that the clear margins were obtained on
94 % of the tumors (32/34). Our study had a longer follow-up period consisting of
an average of 13 months in STER group and there was one case (3 %) of recurrence of
tumor noted.
EFTR has been less studied than STER in the literature and may be less preferable
than STER because mucosal integrity is left intact during STER but not EFTR [8 ]
[27 ]
[28 ]. The key to the EFTR procedure is the ability to close the wall defect after resection
to prevent complications requiring surgery [12 ]. A study carried out by Tan et al. [29 ] was able to demonstrate from 52 procedures that both EFTR and STER are comparable
in terms of procedure time, safety, and effectiveness when defect closure is complete
[29 ]. A study of 26 patients with gastric SETs that originated from the MP treated with
EFTR showed a complete resection rate of 100 % with a mean operative time of 105 minutes
(range, 60–145). [12 ] There were no AEs such as bleeding, peritonitis or abscess seen after treatment.
There were no residual or recurrences found during the follow-up period (mean, 8 months;
range, 6–24 months) [12 ].
Our study was able to show 33 of 34 (97 %) negative histologic margins on endoscopic
resection, which is similar to other studies using EFTR. No recurrence was seen on
follow-up of at least 13 months. Closure of the resection site was performed with
an endoscopic suturing system in the United States and with hemostatic clips and an
endoloop technique in Asia and Latin America.
Our study demonstrated a similar rate of AEs, shorter procedure time, and shorter
hospital stay when comparing endoscopic resection to LECS with no significant difference
in recurrence during follow-up.
A limitation of this study is that experienced endoscopists performed the procedures.
Given that the SETs discussed in this study arise from the MP layer, ESD experts who
are able to manage possible complications should perform it. Another limitation is
related to the selection of technique offered in each case; indeed, lesions treated
with LECS might have been more complex based on location or depth in the stomach while
LECS in the esophagus is not feasible.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we consider the treatment of SET with STER and EFTR to be safe and
effective with similar rates of AEs, shorter procedure time and shorter hospital stay
compared with LECS. STER and EFTR are minimally invasive and effective treatments
for selected patients with SET. These endoscopic approaches may prevent the need for
surgical resection without compromising curability.
