Ultraschall Med 2023; 44(05): 487-494
DOI: 10.1055/a-2127-9459
Original Article

Ultrasonographic Vasospasm and Outcome of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy and Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes

Ultrasonografischer Vasospasmus und Outcome bei posteriorer reversibler Enzephalopathie und zerebralen Vasokonstriktionssyndromen
Maria João Pinto
1   Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN285211)
,
Miguel Schon
2   Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte EPE, Lisboa, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN218728)
,
João André Sousa
3   Department of Neurology, Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Medicina, Coimbra, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN37830)
,
João Filipe
4   Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN285211)
,
Andreia Costa
1   Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN285211)
5   Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Porto Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN26705)
,
Elsa Azevedo
1   Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN285211)
5   Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Porto Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN26705)
6   Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN26705)
,
João Sargento-Freitas
3   Department of Neurology, Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Medicina, Coimbra, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN37830)
,
Fernando Silva
3   Department of Neurology, Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Medicina, Coimbra, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN37830)
,
Ana Catarina Fonseca
2   Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte EPE, Lisboa, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN218728)
7   IMM, Universidade de Lisboa Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisboa, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN89237)
,
Pedro Castro
8   Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN285211)
5   Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Porto Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN26705)
6   Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, University of Porto Faculty of Medicine, Porto, Portugal (Ringgold ID: RIN26705)
› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Purpose Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) are often complicated by vasospasm and ischemia. Monitoring with transcranial color-coded Doppler (TCCD) could be useful, but its role is not established. We studied the incidence of ultrasonographic vasospasm (uVSP) in PRES/RCVS and its relationship with ischemic lesions and clinical outcome.

Materials and Methods We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of all patients with PRES/RCVS from 2008 to 2020 who underwent TCCD and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). TCCD exams were analyzed for uVSP. Diffusion-weighted MRI was analyzed for positive lesions (DWI-positive). Functional outcome was assessed by modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. The associations with outcomes were determined by logistic regression.

Results We included 80 patients (mean age of 46 (standard deviation, 17) years; 66% females; 41 with PRES, 28 with RCVS and 11 with overlap phenotype). uVSP was detected in 25 (31%) patients. DWI-positive lesions were more often detected in uVSP-positive than uVSP-negative patients (36% vs. 15%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.05 [95% CI 1.06 – 15.5], P=0.04). DWI-positive lesions were independently associated with worse functional prognosis (mRS 2–6, 43% vs. 10%; aOR, 10 [95% CI 2.6 – 43], P<0.01). Having additional uVSP further increased the odds of a worse outcome (P interaction=0.03).

Conclusion Ultrasonographic vasospasm was detected in a third of patients with PRES/RCVS and was associated with brain ischemic lesions. TCCD bedside monitoring can help to stratify patients at risk for cerebral ischemia, a strong predictor of functional outcome.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel Das posteriore reversible Enzephalopathie-Syndrom (PRES) und das reversible zerebrale Vasokonstriktionssyndrom (RCVS) werden häufig durch Vasospasmen und Ischämie kompliziert. Die Überwachung mit der transkraniellen farbkodierten Dopplersonografie (TCCD) könnte nützlich sein, aber deren Rolle ist nicht geklärt. Wir untersuchten die Inzidenz von ultrasonografischen Vasospasmen (uVSP) bei PRES/RCVS sowie ihren Zusammenhang mit ischämischen Läsionen und dem klinischen Outcome.

Material und Methoden Wir führten eine multizentrische retrospektive Studie aller Patienten mit PRES/RCVS von 2008–2020 durch, die sich einer TCCD und einer Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) unterzogen. Die TCCD-Untersuchungen wurden auf uVSP analysiert. Die diffusionsgewichtete MRT-Bildgebung wurde auf positive Läsionen (DWI-positiv) untersucht. Das funktionelle Outcome wurde nach 90 Tagen anhand der modifizierten Rankin-Skala (mRS) bewertet. Die Zusammenhänge mit dem Outcome wurden durch logistische Regression ermittelt.

Ergebnisse Wir schlossen 80 Patienten ein (Durchschnittsalter 46 Jahre [Standardabweichung 17]; 66% Frauen; 41 mit PRES, 28 mit RCVS und 11 mit überlappendem Phänotyp). Ultrasonografische Vasospasmen (uVSP) wurden bei 25 Patienten (31%) festgestellt. DWI-positive Läsionen wurden häufiger bei uVSP-positiven als bei uVSP-negativen Patienten festgestellt (36 % vs. 15%; adjustierte Odds Ratio [aOR] 4,05 [95%-CI 1,06–15,5], p=0,04). DWI-positive Läsionen waren ein unabhängiger Risikofaktor für eine ungünstige funktionelle Prognose (mRS 2–6, 43% vs. 10%; aOR, 10 [95%-CI 2,6–43], p<0,01). Zusätzliche uVSP erhöhten die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines schlechteren Outcomes (p-Interaktion=0,03).

Schlussfolgerung Bei einem Drittel der Patienten mit PRES/RCVS wurden ultrasonografisch Vasospasmen festgestellt, die mit ischämischen Hirnläsionen assoziiert waren. Die TCCD-Überwachung am Krankenbett kann dazu beitragen, Patienten mit dem Risiko für eine zerebrale Ischämie zu klassifizieren, und ist somit ein starker Prädiktor für das funktionelle Outcome.

Supporting information



Publication History

Received: 02 August 2022

Accepted after revision: 16 June 2023

Article published online:
23 August 2023

© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
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