Keywords
retroperitoneal teratoma - mature renal elements - intraspinal extension
Introduction
Retroperitoneum is a relatively uncommon site for pediatric teratomas accounting for
3 to 5% for all teratomas in prepubertal children.[1] Most of these teratomas lie separate from the spine. However, very rarely, such
tumors can have an intraspinal extension.[2] Intraspinal teratomas are also rare.[3] Few cases of retroperitoneal teratomas associated with spinal dysraphism have been
reported.[4]
Teratomas consist of tissues arising from all three embryonic layers. However, mature
renal tissues in the form of glomeruli and tubules are sparingly found in teratomas.
This study reports a case of a mature cystic retroperitoneal teratoma associated with
spinal dysraphism harboring mature renal elements. In the review of literature, the
authors found that the teratomas lying in proximity to spine and associated with spinal
dysraphism are likely to contain mature renal tissues or even nephroblastic elements.
Case Report
A 15-day-old female presented with a swelling in the lumbosacral region since birth.
Antenatal ultrasounds had revealed mild right sided hydroureteronephrosis. On examination,
the baby had 4 × 3 cm soft, vague protuberance in the lumbosacral region of the spine
with a hemagiomatous patch on the overlying skin, a sacral pit, and tuft of hair below
the swelling. In addition the child had a tense cystic lump occupying almost the entire
abdomen, predominantly the left lumbar, left hypochondrium, left iliac fossa, umbilical,
and hypogastric region and extending onto the right side. On per rectal examination
the sacrum was free and the mass was palpated anterolateral to the rectum. Bilateral
lower limb movements and anal tone were normal. The X-ray of the spine revealed hemivertebrae
of L5 S1 vertebrae. The ultrasound detected a cystic presacral mass. The magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) for the abdomen, pelvis, and spine was done and revealed an
8 × 6 × 4 cm cystic mass arising from the presacral region, reaching very close to
the sacral promontory but the dural sac was found to be intact. The mass had pushed
the bowel loops and the sigmoid colon to the right and it was pushing on the inferior
pole of the left kidney, thereby altering its position into a transverse one ([Fig. 1]). The serum α-feto protein was 3,574 ng/dL, which was normal for her age. With the
differential diagnosis of an ovarian cyst or benign cystic retroperitoneal teratoma,
the child was posted for laparoscopic excision of the cyst.
Fig. 1 Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a large cystic presacral mass without any
intraspinal extension.
On laparoscopy, the cyst was found arising from behind the uterus. Approximately 90
mL of clear fluid was aspirated to facilitate dissection. The cyst could be mobilized
in all directions except inferiorly where it was found closely adherent to the spine.
In view of the possibility of the cyst entering the spinal canal (especially in the
presence of the vertebral anomalies), a small Pfannenstiel incision was made and further
dissection was done under an operating microscope. The cyst wall was adherent but
not entering the vertebral bodies and was shaved off from the sacral promontory. The
cyst was excised in toto. The right ovary was well developed but the left ovary could
not be defined.
Histopathological examination revealed a large cystic swelling with a small solid
nodule adherent to the wall. The cyst wall showed features of mature teratoma but
the nodule consisted of well-formed and abortive glomeruli and tubules. No ovarian
stroma was seen ([Fig. 2]). The final diagnosis was a mature cystic retroperitoneal teratoma with mature renal
elements along with spinal bifida occulta (L5, S1 hemivertebrae).
Fig. 2 Histopathology demonstrated a large cystic teratoma with mature renal elements in
the wall (inset).
Discussion
This case posed a diagnostic dilemma at various stages. Retroperitoneum is a rare
site for extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) in children accounting for 3 to 5% cases
of all germ cell tumors.[1] Grossly, teratomas can be of two types: (1) cystic teratomas, usually benign, containing
yellowish liquid and material resembling hair and composed of fully developed tissues
(2) solid teratomas, formed of fibrous, fatty, cartilaginous, and bone tissue.[5] A completely cystic teratoma arising in the retroperitoneum is comparatively rare.[6] Hence, an ovarian cyst was considered to be the first possibility and a laparoscopic
excision of the cyst was planned. There have been case reports of cystic teratomas
resembling ovarian cysts. Cho et al[7] reported an incidentally found pelvic mass, considered to be an ovarian tumor by
ultrasonography in a 27-year-old female. In the adults, gonadal teratomas are far
more common than extragonadal ones. MRI strongly suggested a retroperitoneal cystic
tumor because of anterior displacement of retroperitoneal organs. The large retroperitoneal
mature cystic teratoma was successfully resected laparoscopically. A large mature
cystic retroperitoneal teratoma can mimic a far more common ovarian cyst in any age
group.
Since a vertebral anomaly was the predominant presenting complaint, the initial differential
also included all the masses which are known to have a dumbbell-shaped extension into
the spine. Neuroblastoma, anterior meningoceles, and neuroenteric cysts can all present
as presacral lumps with intraspinous extension. Neuroblastomas are usually solid but
cystic variants have been described.[8] However, the ones entering the spinal canal are usually solid. Anterior sacral meningoceles
are a very rare form of spinal dysraphism characterized by protrusion of dural sac
through an anterior defect in the sacrum. There have been very few case reports in
children describing this anomaly.[9] Even rarer is neuroenteric cysts in the lumbosacral region with fewer than 10 instances
in literature.[10]
[11]
[12] However, these can present as cystic masses with dumbbell-shaped extension into
the spine and are mostly associated with vertebral defects. Some other soft tissue
sarcomas have also been known to have an intraspinous extension. However, they are
usually solid.[13] The occurrence of intradural spinal teratomas in association with spinal dysraphism
is also rare.[14] Teratomas have known to be purely retroperitoneal, entirely intraspinal[3]
[14]
[15]
[16] or can also present as a presacral masses with intradural extension.[2]
Retroperitoneal or extragonadal location of teratomas is commonly explained by aberrant
migration of germ cells. At the fourth week of gestation, pluripotent germ cells migrate
from the yolk sac to the fetal midline to reach the gonads. A few of them can get
arrested and survive at extragonadal sites, mainly the dorsal midline. This theory
explained the location of extragonadal germ cell tumors in anterior mediastinum, retroperitoneum,
intracranial, and sacrococcygeal location.[17] However, various studies support a dysembryogenic model of development of some these
extragonadal teratomas especially intradural teratomas. The caudal spinal cord in
the developing embryo contains a population of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells
which can give rise to teratomas when transplanted into developing embryos.[18] The developing neural tube and adjacent somites establish signaling centers that
guide the differentiation of adjacent tissues and disruption of signaling centers
can affect the migration and patterning of progenitor cells, resulting in their retention
and the formation of teratomas.[18] This is further supported by the fact that many of these tumors are associated with
spinal dysraphism.[14]
[16]
In this case, the MRI clearly excluded any intraspinous communication but the baby
had hemivertebrae L5 S1. Intraoperatively, the teratoma was only found to be closely
adhered to sacral promontory and not entering the spinal canal. Histopathology concluded
the mass to be a cystic mature teratoma but with well-differentiated renal tissue
along with the cyst. Renal differentiation in a teratoma is even rarer.
There have been very few reports of teratomas with well-differentiated mature renal
tissue. Su et al[19] also reported a mixed retroperitoneal GCT in an 11-year-old girl presenting with
renal hypertension. Jain et al[14] reported two patients (1-y-old boy and 3-y-old girl) with spinal dysraphism, split
cord malformation (SCM), and intraspinal teratomas with renal differentiation. Surgical
excision of the mass, detethering of the cord, and repair of the lipomyelomeningocele
was done and pathological examination in both the cases revealed features of a mature
teratoma with nephrogenic differentiation in the form of elements of mature renal
tissue. Uzum et al[20] have also reported a case of intradural spinal teratoma with SCM, tethered cord,
and immature nephroblastic tissue. In this case, the cyst was not intraspinal but
was closely adhered to the vertebrae and was associated with spinal dysraphism. This
supports the dysembryogenesis model of formation of teratomas lying within or in close
proximity to spinal cord. The authors also support the theory that neural tube defects
interfere with the migration of renal tissue during embryogenesis resulting into renal
differentiation within the teratoma.
Extrarenal Wilms tumor can also rarely arise within a teratoma. Interestingly most
of these reports in literature describe teratomas which were in close proximity to
the spinal cord. Kim et al in 1990, reported a 10-month-old girl with a retroperitoneal
teratoma with nephroblastic components.[4] The girl also had spinal dysraphism. They also reviewed the literature and found
five similar cases with teratomas harboring nephroblastic elements. Surprisingly,
all five of these cases were extragonadal and in close proximity to the spinal column
(two retroperitoneum, two sacrococcygeal, and one posterior mediastinum).
Conclusions
Teratomas found in close proximity to or within spinal canal are likely to be associated
with spinal dysraphism due to a likely common dysembryogenic model of origin. During
development, these neural tube defects are likely to interfere with renal differentiation
and hence commonly harbor mature renal tissues or nephroblastic elements. Such teratomas
are more likely to arise from native pluripotent cells rather than aberrantly migrated
germ cells.
