Epigenetik und die Parkinson’sche Krankheit

Zusammenfassung

Epigenetische Mechanismen sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Genexpression. Während in der Basenabfolge der DNA-Sequenz die eigentliche genetische Information kodiert ist, regulieren die epigenetischen Modifikationen, insbesondere DNA-Methylierung und die Histonmodifikationen, den Zustand des Chromatins und damit die Transkription der Gene einer Zelle. Epigenetische Mechanismen bestimmen so die funktionellen Unterschiede genetisch identischer Zellen in mehrzelligen Organismen; sie steuern die Embryonalentwicklung und sind von entscheidender Bedeutung für Lernen und Gedächtniskonsolidierung. DNA-Methylierungsmuster werden prinzipiell vererbt, können aber durch Umweltbedingungen verändert und durch Mitose und Meiose hindurch weitergegeben werden. Methylierung der DNA bestimmt somit nicht nur die Ausprägung von verschiedenen Merkmalen, sondern vermittelt Umwelt-Gen-Interaktionen und trägt vermutlich auch zu Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen von Medikamenten bei. Ebenso wie genetische Varianten mit sporadischen Erkrankungen assoziiert sind, könnten Varianten des Epigenoms beteiligt sein. Veränderte DNA-Methylierung könnte eine Rolle bei neuro-psychiatrischen Krankheiten spielen und die individuelle Variabilität der Parkinson-Krankheit mitbestimmen.

Abstract

The genetic information encoded in the DNA sequence provides a blueprint of the entire organism. The epigenetic modifications, in particular DNA methylation and histone modifications, determine how and when this information is made available and define the specific gene transcription pattern of a given cell. Epigenetic modifications determine the functional differences of genetically identical cells in multicellular organisms and are important factors in various processes from embryonic development to learning and memory consolidation. DNA methylation patterns are altered by environmental conditions and some alterations are preserved through mitosis and meiosis. Thus, DNA methylation can mediate environmental impact on health and disease, contributes to the severity of diseases and probably contributes to the effects and side effects of drugs. In addition to the classical monogenic epigenetic diseases such as Prader-Willi syndrome and Rett syndrome, recent data point to an epigenetic component also in sporadic neuro-psychiatric disorders.

Schlüsselwörter

DNA-Methylierung - Epigenetik - Synuklein - Biomarker

Key words

DNA methylation - epigenetics - synuclein - biomarker

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