New Dimensions in Medical Imaging: Bioendoscopy

R. S. DaCosta; N. E. Marcon

doi:10.1055/s-2003-41945

Endoskopie heute, Inhaltsverzeichnis

Endoskopie heute 2003; 16(2): 75-90
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-41945

Übersicht

New Dimensions in Medical Imaging: Bioendoscopy

Neue Dimensionen in der Bildgebung: BioendoskopieR. S. DaCosta¹ , N. E. Marcon²

¹Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada, Phone: (4 16)9 46-4 51 Ext. 50 21, Fax: (4 16)9 46-65 29, E-mail: rdacosta@oci.utoronto.ca
²St. Michael’s Hospital, Center for Therapeutic Endoscopy & Endoscopic Oncology, 16-062 Victoria Wing, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Phone: 4 16-8 64-30 92, Fax: 4 16-9 26-49 51, E-mail: norman.marcon@utoronto.ca

Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten auf dem 33. Kongress der DGE-BV, 4.4.2003 in Düsseldorf, siehe auch Endoscopy (2003) 35

Abstract

Volltext

Referenzen

References

1 Backman V, Wallace M B, Perelman L T. et al . Detection of preinvasive cancer cells. Nature. 2000; 406 35-36
2 Ballou B, Fisher G W, Hakala T R, Farkas D L. Tumor detection and visualization using cyanine fluorochrome-labeled antibodies. Biotechnol Prog. 1997; 13 649-658
3 Bando T, Muguruma N, Ito S. et al . Basic studies on a labeled anti-mucin antibody detectable by infrared-fluorescence endoscopy. J Gastroenterol. 2002; 37(4) 260-269
4 Battle A MC. Porphyrins, porphyrias, cancer and photodynamic therapy: a model of carcinogenesis. J Photochem Photobiol. 1993; B20 5-22
5 Baumgartner R, Huber R M, Schulz H. et al . Inhalation of 5- aminolevulinic acid: a new technique for fluorescence detection of early stage lung cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1996; 36(2) 169-174
6 Bird R P. Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Cancer Lett. 1995; 29 55-71
7 Bohorfoush A G. Tissue spectroscopy for gastrointestinal diseases. Endoscopy. 1996; 28 372-380
8 Bouma B E, Tearney G J, Compton C C, Nishioka N S. High-resolution imaging of the human esophagus and stomach in vivo using optical coherence tomography. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000; 51 467-474
9 Bourg-Heckly G, Blais J, Padilla J J, Bourdon O, Etienne J, Guillemin F, Lafay L. Endoscopic ultraviolet-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy of the esophagus: tissue characterization and potential for early cancer diagnosis. Endoscopy. 2000; 32(10) 756-765
10 Cothren R M, Richards-Kortum R, Sivak M V. et al . Gastrointestinal tissue diagnosis by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy at endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990; 36 105-111
11 Cothren R M, Sivak M V, Van Dame J. et al . Detection of dysplasia at colonoscopy using laserinduced fluorescence: A blinded study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996; 44 168-176
12 DaCosta R. MSc Thesis. University of Toronto, University of Toronto Press 2000
13 DaCosta R ., Andersson H ., Wilson B C. Autofluorescence characterization of isolated whole crypts and primary cultured human epithelial cells from normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous colonic mucosa. (In preparation, 2003)
14 DaCosta R S, Lilge L, Kost J. et al . Confocal fluorescence microscopy/macroscopy and microspectrofluorimetry analysis of human colorectal tissues. J Analytical Morphology. 1997; 4 24-29
15 DaCosta R S, Tang Y, Reilly R M, Wilson B C. In vivo imaging of colonic tumours with a near-infrared fluorescent probe targeted against a tumour-associated-mucin in a human colon cancer xenograft mouse model. Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterology Association, Digestive Diseases Week Conference, May 2002, [ Abstract # 107 466]
16 DaCosta R S, Wilson B C, Marcon N E. Light-induced fluorescence endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2000; 10 37-69
17 DaCosta R S, Andersson H, Wilson B C. Characterization of the excitation and emission matrices of possible fluorophores in human tissues and cells. J Photochem Photobiol 2003 (Submitted)
18 Delaney P M, King R G, Lambert J R, Harris M R. Fibre optic confocal imaging(FOCI) for subsurface microscopy of the colon in vivo. J Anat. 1994; 184 157-160
19 Dickensheets D L, Kino G S. Micro-machined scanning confocal optical microscope. Opt Lett. 1996; 21 764-766
20 Drezek R, Sokolov K, Utzinger U, Boiko I, Malpica A, Follen M, Richards-Kortum R. Understanding the contributions of NADH and collagen to cervical tissue fluorescence spectra: modeling, measurements, and implications. J Biomed Opt. 2001; 6(4) 385-396
21 Egger K, Werner M, Meining A, Ott R, Allescher H D, Hofler H, Classen M, Rosch T. Biopsy surveillance is still necessary in patients with Barrett’s oesophagus despite new endoscopic imaging techniques. Gut. 2003; 52(1) 18-23
22 Endo M, Sakakibara N, Suzuki H. et al . Observation of esophageal lesions with the use of endoscopic dyes. Progress of Digestive Endoscopy. 1972; 1 34
23 Fijan S, Honigsmann H, Ortel B. Photodynamic therapy of epithelial skin tumors using delta aminolevulinic acid and desferrioxamine. Br J. Dermatol. 1995; 133 282-288
24 Folli S, Wagnieres G, Pelegrin A. et al . Immunophotodiagnosis of colon carcinomas in patients injected with fluoresceinated chimerical antibodies against carcinoembrionic antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1992; 89 7973-7977
25 Folli S, Westermann P, Braichotte D. et al . Antibody-indocyanin conjugates for immunophotodetection of human squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice. Cancer Res. 1994; 54 2643-2649
26 Georgakoudi I, Jacobson B C, Van Dam J. et al . Fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2001; 120 1620-1629
27 Gutowski M, Carcenac M, Pourquier D. et al . Intraoperative immunophotodetection for radical resection of cancers: evaluation in an experimental model. Clin Cancer Res. 2001; 7(5) 1142-1148
28 Hanlon E B, Manoharan R, Koo T W. et al . Prospects for in vivo Raman spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol. 2000; 45 1-59
29 Haringsma J, Tytgat G N, Yano H. et al . Autofluorescence endoscopy: feasibility of detection of GI neoplasms unapparent to white light endoscopy with an evolving technology. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53 642-650
30 Haringsma J, Tytgat G NJ. Fluorescence and autofluorescence. Baillier’s Clinical Gastroenterology. 1999; 13 1-10
31 Harries M L, Lam S, MacAulay C, Qu J, Palcic B. Diagnostic imaging of the larynx: autofluorescence of laryngeal tumours using the helium-cadmium laser. J Laryngol Otol. 1995; 109(2) 108-110
32 Hayashi S, Muguruma N, Bando T, Taoka S, Ito S, Ii K. Vital immunohistochemical staining for a novel method of diagnosing micro-cancer. Examination of immunohistochemical staining of non-fixed fresh tissue. J Med Invest. 1999; 46(3 - 4) 178-185
33 Horisberger M. Colloidal gold: a cytochemical marker for light and fluorescent microscopy and for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scan Electron Microsc. 1981; (Pt 2) 9-31
34 Ina H, Shibuya H, Ohashi I. et al . The frequency of a concomitant early esophageal cancer in male patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer: Screening results using Lugol dye endoscopy. Cancer. 1994; 73 2038-2041
35 Inoue H, Igari T, Nishikage T, Ami K, Yoshida T, Iwai T. A novel method of virtual histopathology using laser-scanning confocal microscopy in-vitro with untreated fresh specimens from the gastrointestinal mucosa. Endoscopy. 2000; 32 439-443
36 Ito S, Muguruma N, Kusaka Y. et al . Detection of human gastric cancer in resected specimens using a novel infrared fluorescent anti-human carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA) antibody with an infrared fluorescence endoscope in vitro. Endoscopy. 2001; 33(10) 849-853
37 Josephson L, Kircher M F, Mahmood U, Tang Y, Weissleder R. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoparticles as Combined MR/Optical Imaging Probes. Bioconjug Chem. 2002; 13(3) 554-560
38 Kapadia C R, Cutruzzola F W, O’Brien K M. et al . Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of human colonic mucosa: detection of adenomatous transformation. Gastroenterology. 1990; 99(1) 150-157
39 Keller R, Winde G, Eisenhawer C. et al . Immunoscopy - a technique combining endoscopy and immunofluorescence for diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998; 47 154-161
40 Keller R, Winde G, Terpe H J, Foerster E C, Domschke W. Fluorescence endoscopy using a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with colorectal carcinoma and adenoma. Endoscopy. 2002; 34(10) 801-807
41 Kennedy J C, Marcus S L, Pottier R H. Photodynamic therapy(PDT) and photodiagnosis(PD) using endogenous photosensitization induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA): mechanisms and clinical results. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996; 14(5) 289-304
42 Krammer B, Uberriegler K. In-vitro investigation of ALA- induced protoporphyrin IX. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1996; 36(2) 121-126
43 Kriegmair M, Baumgartner R, Knuechel P. et al . Fluorescence photodetection of neoplastic urothelial lesions following intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Urology. 1994; 44 836-841
44 Krishnadath K K, Reid B J, Wang K K. Biomarkers in Barrett esophagus. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001; 76 438-446
45 Kudo S, Tamura S, Nakajima T, Yamano H, Kusaka H, Watanabe H. Diagnosis of colorectal tumorous lesions by magnifying endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996; 44 8-14
46 Kudo S, Tamure S, Nakajima T. et al . Depressed type of colorectal cancer. Endoscopy. 1995; 27 54-57
47 Kusaka Y, Ito S, Muguruma N. et al . Vital immunostaining of human gastric and colorectal cancers grafted into nude mice: a preclinical assessment of a potential adjunct to videoendoscopy. J Gastroenterol. 2000; 35(10) 748-752
48 Lam S, MacAulay C, leRiche J C, Palcic B. Detection and localization of early lung cancer by fluorescence bronchoscopy. Cancer. 2000; 89 2468-2473
49 Lane P, Dlugan A LP, MacAuley C. DMD-enabled conofcal microscopy. Coherence Domain Optical Methods in Biomedical Science and Clinical Applications V. Tuchin VV, Izatt JA, Fujimotto JG (Eds). Proceedings SPIE Vol 4251, 2001
50 Lane P, Dlugan A LP, Richards- Kortum R, MacAuley C. Fiber-optic confocal microscopy using a spatial light modulator. Opt Lett. 2000; 25(24) 1780-1782
51 Lange N, Jichlinski P, Zellweger M. et al . Photodetection of early human bladder cancer based on the fluorescence of 5-aminolaevulinic acid hexylester-induced protoporphyrin IX: a pilot study. Br. J Cancer. 1999; 80 185-193
52 Leunig A, Rick K, Stepp H. et al . Fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX for the detection of neoplastic lesions of the oral cavity. Am J Surg. 1996; 172 674-677
53 Leveckis J, Burn J L, Brown N J, Reed M W. Kinetics of endogenous protoporphyrin IX induction by aminolevulinic acid: preliminary studies in the bladder. J Urol. 1994; 152(2 Pt 1) 550-553
54 Liang C, Sung K B, Richards-Kortum R R, Descour M R. Design of a high-numerical-aperture miniature microscope objective for an endoscopic fiber confocal reflectance microscope. Appl Opt. 2002; 41(22) 4603-4610
55 Loh C S, MacRobert A J, Bedwell J, Regula J, Krasner N, Bown S G. Oral versus intravenous administration of 5’-aminolaevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer. 1993; 68 41-51
56 Loh C S, Vernon D, MacRobert A J, Bedwell J, Bown S G, Brown S B. Endogenous porphyrin distribution induced by 5-aminolaevulinic acid in the tissue layers of the gastrointestinal tract. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1993; 20(1) 47-54
57 Marchesini R, Pignoli E, Tomatis S. et al . Ex vivo optical properties of human colon tissue. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 1994; 15 351-357
58 Marcus S L, Sobel R S, Golub A L. et al . Photodynamic therapy(PDT) and photodiagnosis(PD) using endogenous photosensitization induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA): current clinical and developmental status. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 1996; 14 59-66
59 Marten K, Bremer C, Khazaie K, Sameni M, Sloane B, Tung C H, Weissleder R. Detection of dysplastic intestinal adenomas using enzyme-sensing molecular beacons in mice. Gastroenterology. 2002; 122(2) 406-414
60 Martin A, Tope W T, Grevelink J C. et al . Lack of selectivity of protoporphyrin-IX fluorescence for basal-cell carcinoma after topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid: implications for photodynamic treatment. Arch Dermat Res. 1995; 287 665-674
61 Maunoury V, Mordon S, Geboes K. et al . Early vascular changes in Crohn’s disease: an endoscopic fluorescence study. Endoscopy. 2000; 32 700-705
62 McLaren W J, Anikijenko P, Thomas S G, Delaney P M, King R G. In vivo detection of morphological and microvascular changes of the colon in association with colitis using fiberoptic confocal imaging (foci). Dig Dis Sci. 2002; 4(11) 2424-2433
63 Messman H, Knuchel R, Baumer W. et al . Endoscopic fluorescence detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett’s esophagus, ulcerative colitis, or adenomatous polyps after 5- aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX sensitization. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 1999; 49 97-100
64 Messman H, Mikvy P, Montan S. et al . Endoscopic and microscopic fluorescence studies in patients with ulcerative colitis after 5-aminolevulinic acid sensitization [abstract]. In Gastroenterology. 1997; 108 A506
65 Messmann H, Kullmann F, Wild T. et al . Detection of dysplastic lesions by fluorescence in a model of colitis in rats after previous photosensitization with 5-aminolaevulinic acid. Endoscopy. 1998; 30 333-338
66 Molckovsky A, Wong Kee Song L M, Shim M G, Marcon N E, Wilson B C. Diagnostic potential of near-infrared Raman spectroscopy in the colon: Differentiating adenomatous from hyperplastic polyps. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003; 57(3) 396-402
67 Muguruma N, Ito S, Hayashi S. et al . Antibodies labeled with fluorescence-agent excitable by infrared rays. J Gastroenterol. 1998; 33(4) 467-471
68 Mycek M A, Schomacker K T, Nishioka N S. Colonic polyp differentiation using time-resolved autofluorescence spectroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998; 48 390-394
69 Nie S, Emory S R. Probing Single Molecules and Single Nanoparticles by’Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Science. 1997; 275(5303) 1102-1106
70 Nussbaum S, Roth H J. Human anti-mouse antibodies: pitfalls in tumor marker measurement and strategies for enhanced assay robustness; including results with Elecsys CEA. Anticancer Res. 2000; 20 5249-5252
71 Ortner M A, Ebert B, Hein E, Zumbusch K, Nolte D, Sukowski U, Weber-Eibel J, Fleige B, Dietel M, Stolte M, Oberhuber G, Porschen R, Klump B, Hortnagl H, Lochs H, Rinneberg H. Time-gated fluorescence spectroscopy in Barrett’s oesophagus. Gut. 2003; 52(1) 28-33
72 Brand S, Wang T D, Schomacker K T, Poneros J M, Lauwers G Y, Compton C C, Pedrosa M C, Nishioka N S. Detection of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett ’s esophagus by spectroscopy measurement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002; 56(4) 479-487
73 Panjehpour M, Overholt B F, Schmidhammer J L. et al . Spectroscopic diagnosis of esophageal cancer: new classification model, improved measurement system. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995; 41 577-581
74 Panjepour M, Overholt B F, VO-Dinh T, Haggitt R C, Edwards D A, BuckleyIII F R. Endoscopic fluorescence detection of high- grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1996; 111 93-101
75 Panjepour M, Overholt B F, VO-Dinh T, Haggitt R C, Edwards D A, Buckley III F R. Endoscopic fluorescence detection of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1996; 111 93-101
76 Pelegrin A, Folli S, Buchegger F, Mach J P, Wagnieres G, van den Bergh H. Antibody-fluorescein conjugates for photoimmunodiagnosis of human colon carcinoma in nude mice. Cancer. 1991; 67 2529-2537
77 Peng Q, Berg K, Moan J, Kongshaug M, Nesland J M. 5-Aminolevulinic acid- based photodynamic therapy-principles and experimental research. Photochem Photobiol. 1997; 65 235-251
78 Pfefer T J, Paithankar D Y, Poneros J M, Schomacker K T, Nishioka N S. Temporally and spectrally resolved fluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of high grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Lasers Surg Med. 2003; 32(1) 10-16
79 Pitris C, Jesser C, Boppart S A, Stamper D, Brezinski M E, Fujimoto J G. Feasibility of optical coherence tomography for high-resolution imaging of human gastrointestinal tract malignancies. J. Gastroenterol.. 2000; 35 87-92
80 Ramjiawan B, Maiti P, Aftanas A. et al . Noninvasive localization of tumors by immunofluorescence imaging using a single chain Fv fragment of a human monoclonal antibody with broad cancer specificity. Cancer. 2000; 89 1134-1144.
81 Reilly R M. Radioimmunotherapy of malignancies. Clin Pharm. 1991; 10 359-375
82 Richards-Kortum R, Rava R P, Fitzmaurice M. et al . Spectroscopic diagnosis of colonic dysplasia. Photochem Photobiol. 1991; 53 777-786
83 Rick K, Sroka R, Stepp H. et al . Pharmacokinetics of 5’-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX in skin and blood. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1997; 40 313-319
84 Riddell R H, Goldman H, Ransohoff D F. et al . Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardization classification with provisional clinical applications. Hum Pathol. 1983; 14 931-968
85 Rollins A M, Yazdanfar S, Barton J K, Izatt J A. Real-time in vivo color Doppler optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2002; 7(1) 123-129
86 Saitoh Y, Waxman I, West A B. et al . Prevalence and distinctive biologic features of flat colorectal adenomas in a North American population. Gastroenterol. 2001; 120 1657-1665
87 Schomacker K T, Frisoli J K. Compton CC et al. Ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence of colonic polyps. Gastroenterology. 1992; 102 1155-1160
88 Sharma P ., Weston A P, Sampliner R E. Magnification chromoendoscopy for the detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001; 53 AB62
89 Shim M G, Wilson B C, Marple E, Wach M. A study of fiber-optic probes for in vivo medical Raman spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc. 1999; 53 619-627
90 Shim M G, Wilson B C. Development of an in vivo Raman spectroscopic system for diagnostic applications. J Raman Spectrosc. 1997; 28 131-142
91 Shim M G, Wilson B C. The effects of ex vivo handling procedures on the near-infrared Raman spectra of normal mammalian tissues. Photochem Photobiol. 1996; 63 662-671
92 Sivak M V, Kobayashi Y, Izatt J A. et al . High-resolution endoscopic imaging of the GI tract using optical coherence tomography. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000; 51 474-479
93 Srivastava S, Verma M, Henson D E. Biomarkers for early detection of colon cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001; 7 1118-1126
94 Stummer W S, Stocker S, Wagner S. et al . Intraoperative detection of malignant glioma by 5-ALA induced porphyrin fluorescence. Neurosurgery. 1998; 42 518-526 Surg Med. 1995; 16(1) 41-47
95 Takayama T, Katsuki S, Takahashi Y. et al . Aberrant crypt foci of the colon as precursors of adenoma and cancer. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339 1277-1284
96 Tatsuta M, Iishi H, Ichii M. et al . Diagnosis of gastric cancers with fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen. Lasers Surg Med. 1989; 9 422-426
97 van den Boogert J, Houtsmuller A B, de Rooij F WM. et al . Kinetics, localization, and mechanism of 5-aminolevbulinic acid-induced porphyrin accumulation in normal and Barrett’s like rat esophagus. Las Surg Med. 1999; 24 3-13
98 Vo-Dinh T, Panjehpour M, Overholt B F, Farris C, Buckley 3rd F P, Sneed R. In vivo cancer diagnosis of the esophagus using differential normalized fluorescence(DNF) indices. Lasers
99 Wagnieres G A, Star W M, Wilson B C. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oncological applications. Photochem Photobiol. 1998; 68 603-632
100 Wallace M B, Perelman L T, Backman V. et al . Endoscopic detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett’s esophagus using light-scattering spectroscopy. Gastroenterology. 2000; 119 677-682
101 Webber J, Kessel D, Fromm D. Side effects and photosensitization of human tissue after aminolevulinic acid. J Surg Res. 1997; 68 31-37
102 Weissleder R, Tung C H, Mahmood U, Bogdanov Jr A. In vivo imaging of tumours with protease activated near-infrared fluorescent probes. Nat Biotechnol. 1999; 17 375-378
103 Wong Kee Song L M, Shim M G, Wilson B C, Hassaram S, Basset N, Cirocco M, Wang K K, Kandel G, Kortan P, Haber G B, Marcon N E. In vivo endoscopic Raman spectroscopy for the differentiation of dysplasia(low-grade versus high-grade) within Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53(5) AB109
104 Wong Kee Song L M, Molckovsky A, Wang K, Gao T, Basset N, Cirocco M, Marcon N, Hsieh E, Riddell R, Shim M G, Wilson B C. Raman spectroscopy for in vivo classification of Barrett’s tissue. Gastroenterology. 2002; 122(4 Suppl) A288
105 Yang V XD, Gordon M L, Mok A, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Cobbold R SC., Wilson B C, Vitkin I A. Improved phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography using the Kasai velocity estimator and histogram segmentation. Optics Communications. 2002; 208 209-214
106 Yano H, Iishi H, Tatsuta M. Diagnosis of early gastric cancers by endoscopic autofluorescence imaging system [abstract]. Endoscopy. 1996; 28 S29
107 Yokota T, Milenic D E, Whitlow M, Schlom J. Rapid tumor penetration of a single-chain Fv and comparison with other immunoglobulin forms. Cancer Res. 1992; 52 3402-3408
108 Zonios G I, Cothren R M, Arendt J T. et al . Morphological model of human colon tissue fluorescence. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 1996; 43 113-122

Dr. Noman E. Marcon

St. Michael’s Hospital · Center for Therapeutic Endoscopy & Endoscopic Oncology

16-062 Victoria Wing

30 Bond Street

Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8

Telefon: 4 16/8 64/30 92

Fax: 4 16/9 26/49 51

eMail: norman.macron@utoronto.ca