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DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-867134
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Die Entwicklung der Gallenblasensonographie
The Development of Gallbladder SonographyPublication History
Publication Date:
25 April 2005 (online)
Die Sonographie der Gallenblase konnte sich früh etablieren, da sich die Gallenblase radiologisch bei verschiedenen Situationen nicht darstellen ließ. Derartige Situationen lagen vor bei akuter Cholezystitis, Zystikusverschluss, Ikterus (Hepatitis, Gallenwegsobstruktion) sowie häufig auch bei eingeschränkter biliärer Exkretion. Auch war die Jodbelastung durch Kontrastmittel bei der damals noch eingeschränkten Schilddrüsendiagnostik zu vermeiden. Weitere Indikationseinschränkungen für die radiologische Diagnostik lagen bei Kontrastmittelunverträglichkeit bzw. Jodallergie und Schwangerschaft vor.
Da eine negative Gallenblasendarstellung im Allgemeinen als Operationsindikation galt, war die Sonographie bald eine gern verwendete diagnostische Methode, wenn die Röntgenuntersuchung mit oraler oder intravenöser Cholezystographie unergiebig oder kontraindiziert war. Auf diese Weise bekam die Sonographie langsam zunehmende Akzeptanz; bis die Sonographie die "Röntgen Galle" ablöse konnte, dauerte es bis Anfang der 80e- Jahre. In der Regel vertraute der Chirurg nicht der Sonographie generell, sondern "seinem" sonographischem Diagnostiker. Demnach war es ein sonographisches Qualitätsmerkmal, wenn ein Chirurg seinem Internisten oder Radiologen Patienten zur Cholezystektomie ohne vorangegangene Röntgendiagnostik abnahm.
Seit etwa 1985 hat die Sonographie die Radiologie in der Gallenstein und -blasendiagnostik abgelöst.
Die folgenden Abbildungen zeigen sonographische Beispiele dreier Gerätegenerationen.
Fig. 1 Gallbladder stones in a case of ascites. The wall of the gallbladder strongly reflects in the surrounding ascites. Behind the stones there is complete acoustic shadowing. This ultrasound image was recorded around 1970 with a Vidoson 635 by G. Rettenmaier. For several years, this picture was part of the Vidoson brochure of the Siemens company. The impressive image was well known as the "monkey face" amongst colleagues.
Fig. 2 Gallbladder completely filled with stones (Vidoson 1975). Longitudinal section in the right upper abdomen: Line of stones with acoustic shadowing.
Fig. 3 a Longitudinal section through the gallbladder (ATL Mark 3, around 1982). Substantially thickened gallbladder wall and, on the left edge of the image, an impacted stone in the infundibulum with slight acoustic shadowing. A large homogeneous mass of 2 cm can be seen in the centre of the gallbladder, possibly a large polyp.
Fig. 3 b The surgical specimen shows marked chronic cholecystitis with an infundibular stone. Instead of the polyp suspected there was an ulcerated stonebed (arrow) in the wall, and the echogenic mass turned out to be tumorlike sludge. From the beginning of the eighties we learnt to differentiate not only between stones and polyps but also between different types of sludge.
Fig. 4 a Chronic cholecystitis with a cholesterol stone and a gallbladder septum (Toshiba SAL 280, 1990). Longitudinal section through the gallbladder displaying chronic inflammatory thickenng of the wall. The cholesterol stone can be identified through its partial permeability to sound. To the right of the stone a septum can be seen.
Fig. 4 b The surgical specimen of the incised gallbladder displays the cholesterol stone as well as 2 septa and a chronically inflamed diverticulum in the fundus. All these pathological findings could already be demonstrated before the operation.
#The Development of Gallbladder Sonography
Ultrasound imaging of the gallbladder has long been an established method, because the radiological imaging of the gallbladder proved to be impossible in various instances. Examples of this are acute cholecystitis, blockage of the cystic duct, jaundice (hepatitis, blockage of the bile duct) as well as decreased excretion of bile fluid. The increased iodine load from the use of contrast agents also posed a problem to be avoided, since diagnostic methods for diseases of the thyroid used to be limited. Reactions to contrast agents, iodine allergies and pregnancy also constituted limiting factors for radiological diagnostics. Since an x-ray-negative gallbladder was commonly regarded as an indication for surgery, ultrasound examination of the gall bladder soon became a gladly accepted method in cases of inconclusive oral or intravenous cholecystography results or in the case of contraindications to radiography. Sonography thus slowly gained acceptance, but it was not before the beginning of the eighties that ultrasound replaced "biliary radiography". A surgeon would normally not trust sonography in general, but only "his" ultrasound specialist. It could therefore be regarded as proof of the quality of an internist's or radiologist's ultrasound skills if a surgeon carried out a cholecystectomy solely relying on sonographical findings without additional radiography. Since around 1985, sonography has virtually replaced radiology in the diagnosis of gallstones and gallbladder afflictions.
The following images represent examples of ultrasound examinations of 3 different generations of sonographical equipment.
K. Seitz, Sigmaringen