Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-956954
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Therapieänderung erforderlich - Exazerbation der chronisch-obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung (COPD)
Change in therapy necessary - Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Publication History
Publication Date:
27 November 2006 (online)

Die Exazerbation der COPD (chronisch-obstruktive Lungenerkrankung) ist als akute potentiell lebensbedrohliche Verschlechterung definiert, die eine Therapieänderung erforderlich macht. Häufigste Ursachen der Exazerbationen sind virale und/oder bakterielle Atemwegsinfektionen. Klinisch kommt es zu einer Zunahme von Husten, Auswurf und Atemnot. Die Exazerbation wird mit Bronchodilatatoren, insbesondere β2Sympathomimetika und/oder Anticholinergika, aber auch Theophyllin, und mit systemischen Kortikosteroiden behandelt. Besteht zum Beispiel bei putridem Auswurf der begründete Verdacht eines zugrunde liegenden bakteriellen Infektes, ergibt sich hieraus die Indikation zur antimikrobiellen Therapie. Diese wird initial in der Regel kalkuliert durchgeführt und muss bei der Antibiotikaauswahl das wahrscheinlich vorliegende Keimspektrum berücksichtigen. Im Notfall ist eine zusätzliche Sauerstoffgabe obligat. Nicht-invasive und invasive Beatmungsverfahren ergänzen die nicht-pharmakologischen Therapieoptionen.
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in essence are defined by the patient as being in a worse state than usual requiring an escalation of the medication and strengthening patient care. Increased breathlessness as well as sputum purulence and cough are of cardinal symptoms. Viral and bacterial infections are the most frequently identified precipitants of COPD exacerbations. Pharmacologic interventions consist primarily of the therapy with high doses of short-acting β2-agonists, short-acting anticholinergics, xanthines, and systemic corticosteroids. Increasing sputum purulence may indicate a bacterial infection in which antibiotics have been proven clinically succesful. Patient stratification should be done as a predictor for gram-positive or gram-negative infection. The stratification of patients allows a graded response in terms of the empiric therapy regime selected. In an emergency situation oxygen supplementation therapy is obligatory. Non-invasive and invasive ventilation are in hypercapnic patients indicated when respiratory failure occurs despite pharmacological treatment measures.
Literatur
- 1 Andreas S, Reiter H, Lüthje L. et al. . Differential effects of theophylline on sympathetic excitation, hemodynamics, and breathing in congestive heart failure. Circulation. 2004; 110 2157-2162
- 2 Ashutosh K, Sedat M, Fragale-Jackson J. Effects of theophylline on respiratory drive in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Pharmacol. 1997; 37 1100-1107
- 3 Bach PB, Brown C, Gelfand SE, MacCrory DC. Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134 600-620
- 4 Bardi G, Pierotello R, Desideri M. et al. . Nasal ventilation in COPD exacerbations: early and late results of a prospective, controlled study. Eur J Respir Dis. 2000; 1 104
- 5 Barr RG, Rowe BH, Camargo Jr. CA. Methyl-xanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;
- 6 British Thoracic Society . Guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 1997; 52 1-28
- 7 Connors AF, Dawson NV, Tomas C. et al. . Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996; 154 959-967
- 8 Gillissen A, Buhl R, Kardos P. et al. . Management der akuten Exazerbation der chronisch-obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung (COPD). Dtsch Med Wschr. 2003; 128 1721-1727
- 9 Höffken G, Lorenz J, Kern W. et al. . S3-Leitlinie zu Epidemiologie, Diagnostik, antimikrobieller Therapie und Management von erwachsenen Patienten mit ambulant erworbenen tiefen Atemwegsinfektionen. Pneumologie. 2005; 59 612-664
- 10 Jones SE, Packham S, Hebden M, Smith AP. Domiciliary nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe COPD: long-term follow up and effect on survival. Thorax. 1998; 53 495-498
- 11 Karg O, Bullemer F, Heindl S. Grenzen der nichtinvasiven Maskenbeatmung bei akuten hypoxämischen Gasaustauschstörungen. Pneumologie. 1999; 53 95-97
- 12 Keenan SP, Gregor J, Sibbald WJ. et al. . Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 2094-2102
- 13 Kramer N, Meyer FJ, Meharg J. et al. . Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 151 1799-1806
- 14 Magnussen H, Goeckenjan G, Köhler D. et al. . Leitlinien zur Langzeit-Sauerstofftherapie. Pneumologie. 2001; 55 454-464
- 15 Mahon JL, Laupacis A, Hodder RV. et al. . Theophylline for irreversible chronic airflow limitation: a randomized study comparing n of 1 trials to standard practice. Chest. 1999; 115 38-48
- 16 Merget R, Orth M, Rasche K. Künstliche Beatmung bei der akuten COPD-Exazerbation - Indikation um jeden Preis?. Med Klinik. 1997; 91 9-11
- 17 Nava S, Ambrosina N, Clini E. et al. . Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in the weaning of patients with respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128 721-728
- 18 Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH. et al. . Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340 1941-1947
- 19 Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PMA. et al. . Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (update 2004, www.goldcopd.com). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163 1256-1276
- 20 Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. Early use of non invasive ventilation (NIV) for acute Exazerbations of COPD on general respiratory wards: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2000; 355 1931-1935
- 21 Rasche K, Duchna HW, Orth M. et al. . Der Einfluss verschiedener Hypoxämiedefinitionen auf die Beziehung zwischen Pulmonalisdruck im Wachzustand und Hypoxämie im Schlaf bei COPD. Pneumologie. 2001; 55 289-294
- 22 Rasche K, Hader C, Leidag M. et al. . Non-invasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004; 55 115-119
- 23 Rohde G, Wiethege A, Borg I. et al. . Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalisation: a case-control study. Thorax. 2003; 58 37-42
- 24 Seemungal TAR, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmik A. et al. . Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 164 1618-1623
- 25 Seneff MG, Wagner DP, Wagner RP. et al. . Hospital and 1-year survival of patients admitted to intensive care units with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA. 1995; 274 1852-1857
- 26 Worth H, Buhl R, Cegla U. et al. . Leitlinie der Deutschen Atemwegsliga und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie zur Diagnostik und Therapie von Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Bronchitis und Lungenemphysem (COPD). Pneumologie. 2002; 56 704-738
Anschrift des Verfassers
Prof. Dr. med. Adrian Gillissen
Robert-Koch-Klinik, Thoraxzentrum des Klinikums, St. Georg gGmbH
Nikolai-Rumjanzew-Str. 100
04207 Leipzig
Phone: 0341-4231-202
Fax: 0341-4231-203
Email: adrian.gillissen@sanktgeorg.de