Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1270443
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Die transnasale Route zur Schädelbasis. Von der Nasennebenhöhlenchirurgie zur Schädelbasischirurgie
The Transnasal Approach to the Skull Base. From Sinus Surgery to Skull Base SurgeryPublication History
Publication Date:
26 April 2011 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/lro/2011S01/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0030-1270443-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Die Indikationen zur Durchführung endonasal endoskopischer Operationsverfahren bei Erkrankungen der Schädelbasis und ihrer angrenzenden Strukturen haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich erweitert. Die Ursachen hierfür liegen nicht nur in verbesserten technischen Möglichkeiten, wie der intraoperativen Navigation, der Entwicklung spezialisierter Instrumente und der Erarbeitung detaillierter anatomischer Studien aus der endoskopischen Perspektive, sondern auch wesentlich in der zunehmenden Erfahrung mit endoskopischen Operationen der Schädelbasis in multidisziplinären Zentren. Endoskopisch endonasale Verfahren ermöglichen auch zu tiefliegenden Läsionen neue Zugangswege, die sich durch geringere Manipulation an neurovaskulären Strukturen und am Hirnparenchym auszeichnen und dennoch eine verbesserte Visualisierung gestatten. Sie reduzieren das Zugangstrauma, vermeiden äußere Schnitte und verringern die operationsbedingte Morbidität. Die endoskopisch endonasalen Methoden zum Verschluss von kleinen und großen Schädelbasisdefekten sind erwiesenermaßen gute Verfahren mit einer hohen Erfolgsquote, die besser als bei Kraniotomien ist. Die Entwicklung neuer lokaler und regionaler, gefäßgestielter Transplantate wie des Hadad-Lappens hat hierzu beigetragen. Diese Rekonstruktionstechniken werden auch bei Tumoroperationen in diesen Regionen erfolgreich eingesetzt. Die Systematik der erweiterten endonasalen Zugänge wird in diesem Referat detailliert dargestellt. Hierdurch sind Läsionen und Tumoren der vorderen, mittleren und teilweise auch hinteren Schädelbasis erreichbar. Um diese komplexen Eingriffe erfolgreich durchzuführen, sind eine enge interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit sowie die kontinuierliche Weiterbildung und das Training aller Beteiligten unbedingt erforderlich.
Abstract
The Transnasal Approach to the Skull Base. From Sinus Surgery to Skull Base Surgery
The indications for endonasal endoscopic approaches to diseases of the skull base and its adjacent structures have expanded considerably during the last decades. This is not only due to improved technical possibilities such as intraoperative navigation, the development of specialized instruments, and the compilation of anatomical studies from the endoscopic perspective but also related to the accumulating experience with endoscopic procedures of the skull base by multidisciplinary centers. Endoscopic endonasal operations permit new approaches to deeply seated lesions and are characterized by a reduced manipulation of neurovascular structures and brain parenchyma while at the same time providing improved visualization. They reduce the trauma caused by the approach, avoid skin incisions and minimize the surgical morbidity. Transnasal endoscopic procedures for the closure of small and large skull base defects have proven to be reliable and more successful than operations with craniotomies. The development of new local and regional vascularized flaps like the Hadad-flap have contributed to this. These reconstructive techniques are furthermore effectively utilized in tumor surgery in this region. This review delineates the classification of expanded endonasal approaches in detail. They provide access to lesions of the anterior, middle and partly also to the posterior cranial fossa. Successful management of these complex procedures requires a close interdisciplinary collaboration as well as continuous education and training of all team members.
Schlüsselwörter
endoskopische Schädelbasischirurgie - Schädelbasisdefekt - Schädelbasistumor - Rhinoliquorrhoe - Rekonstruktion
Key words
endoscopic skull base surgery - skull base defect - skull base tumour - rhinoliquorrhea - reconstruction
Literatur
- 1 Laufer I, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic, endonasal extended transsphenoidal, transplanum transtuberculum approach for resection of suprasellar lesions. J Neurosurg. 2007; 106 400-406
- 2 Carrabba G, Dehdashti AR, Gentili F. Surgery for clival lesions: open resection versus the expanded endoscopic endonasal approach. Neurosurgical focus. 2008; 25 E7
- 3 de Divitiis E, Cavallo LM, Cappabianca P, Esposito F. Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for the removal of suprasellar tumors: Part 2. Neurosurgery. 2007; 60 46-58
- 4 de Divitiis E, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, Esposito F, de Divitiis O, Messina A. Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for extrasellar craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurgery. 2007; 61 219-227
- 5 de Divitiis E, Esposito F, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis O, Esposito I. Endoscopic transnasal resection of anterior cranial fossa meningiomas. Neurosurgical focus. 2008; 25 E8
- 6 Dehdashti AR, Ganna A, Witterick I, Gentili F. Expanded endoscopic endonasal approach for anterior cranial base and suprasellar lesions: indications and limitations. Neurosurgery. 2009; 64 677-687
- 7 Fatemi N, Dusick JR, de Paiva Neto MA, Malkasian D, Kelly DF. Endonasal versus supraorbital keyhole removal of craniopharyngiomas and tuberculum sellae meningiomas. Neurosurgery. 2009; 64 269-284
- 8 Frank G, Pasquini E, Doglietto F, Mazzatenta D, Sciarretta V, Farneti G, Calbucci F. The endoscopic extended transsphenoidal approach for craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurgery. 2006; 59 ONS75-ONS83
- 9 Fraser JF, Nyquist GG, Moore N, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal transclival resection of chordomas: operative technique, clinical outcome, and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2010; 112 1061-1069
- 10 Gardner PA, Kassam AB, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Mintz AH, Grahovac S, Stefko S. Outcomes following endoscopic, expanded endonasal resection of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: a case series. J Neurosurg. 2008; 109 6-16
- 11 Zada G, Kelly DF, Cohan P, Wang C, Swerdloff R. Endonasal transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenomas and other sellar lesions: an assessment of efficacy, safety, and patient impressions. J Neurosurg. 2003; 98 350-358
- 12 Kassam AB, Snyderman CH, Mintz AH, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part I. Crista galli to the sella turcica. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19 E3
- 13 Kassam AB, Gardner P, Snyderman CH, Mintz AH, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19 E6
- 14 O’Malley Jr BW, Grady MS, Gabel BC, Cohen MA, Heuer GG, Pisapia J, Bohman LE, Leibowitz JM. Comparison of endoscopic and microscopic removal of pituitary adenomas: single-surgeon experience and the learning curve. Neurosurg Focus. 2008; 25 E10
- 15 Gardner PA, Kassam AB, Thomas A, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Mintz AH, Prevedello DM. Endoscopic endonasal resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas. Neurosurgery. 2008; 63 36-52
- 16 Tabaee A, Anand VK, Barron Y, Hiltzik DH, Brown SM, Kacker A, Mazumdar M, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic pituitary surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2009; 111 545-554
- 17 Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Kassam AB, Zanation A, Prevedello D, Gardner P, Mintz A. Endoscopic skull base surgery: principles of endonasal oncological surgery. J Surg Oncol. 2008; 97 658-664
- 18 Kassam AB, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Gardner P, Mintz AH. Endoneurosurgical hemostasis techniques: lessons learned from 400 cases. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19 E7
- 19 Kassam AB, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Gardner P, Mintz AH. Evolution of reconstructive techniques following endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19 E8
- 20 Kassam AB, Thomas A, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Vescan A, Prevedello D, Mintz A, Gardner P. Endoscopic reconstruction of the cranial base using a pedicled nasoseptal flap. Neurosurgery. 2008; 63 ONS44-ONS52
- 21 Zanation AM, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Kassam AB, Gardner PA, Prevedello DM. Minimally invasive endoscopic pericranial flap: a new method for endonasal skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2009; 119 13-18
- 22 Miller CA. A case of hydrocephalus chronicus, with some unusual symptoms and appearance on dissection. Transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh. 1826; 2 243-248
- 23 Thomson SC. The cerebro-spinal fluid; its spontaneous escape from the nose: with observations on its composition and function in the human subject.. London: Cassell & Company; 1899
- 24 Dandy W. Pneumocephalus (intracranial pneumatocele or aerocele). Archives of Surgery. 1926; 12 949-982
- 25 Dohlman G. Spontaneous cerebrospinal rhinorrhoea: case operated by rhinologic methods. Acta Oto-Laryngologica Supplementum. 1948; 67 20-23
- 26 Hirsch O. Successful closure of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea by endonasal surgery. Archives of Otolaryngology. 1952; 56 1-12
- 27 Messerklinger W. [Nasal endoscopy: demonstration, localization and differential diagnosis of nasal liquorrhea]. HNO. 1972; 20 268-270
- 28 Messerklinger W. Endoscopy of the nose.. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg; 1978
- 29 Aarabi B, Leibrock LG. Neurosurgical approaches to cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Ear Nose Throat J. 1992; 71 300-305
- 30 Hughes RG, Jones NS, Robertson IJ. The endoscopic treatment of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: the Nottingham experience. J Laryngol Otol. 1997; 111 125-128
- 31 Carmel P, Komisar A. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. In: Blitzer A, Lawson W, Friedman W, Hsrg. Surgery of the paranasal sinuses W.B. Saunders, 1991 Philadelphia: 377-388
- 32 Dodson EE, Gross CW, Swerdloff JL, Gustafson LM. Transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and skull base defects: a review of twenty-nine cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994; 111 600-605
- 33 Hisamatsu K, Ganbo T. Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea through the cribriform plate fistula cured by endonasal surgery: transseptal submucoperiosteal obliteration of the olfactory cleft. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995; 113 822-825
- 34 Anand VK, Murali RK, Glasgold MJ. Surgical decisions in the management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea. Rhinology. 1995; 33 212-218
- 35 Briggs RJS, Wormald PJ. Endoscopic transnasal intradural repair of anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid fistulae. J Clin Neurosci. 2004; 11 597-599
- 36 Hosemann W, Nitsche N, Rettinger G, Wigand ME. [Endonasal, endoscopically controlled repair of dura defects of the anterior skull base]. Laryngorhinootologie. 1991; 70 115-119
- 37 Lanza DC, O’Brien DA, Kennedy DW. Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae and encephaloceles. Laryngoscope. 1996; 106 1119-1125
- 38 Marks SC. Middle turbinate graft for repair of cerebral spinal fluid leaks. Am J Rhinol. 1998; 12 417-419
- 39 Stammberger H, Greistorfer K, Wolf G, Luxenberger W. [Surgical occlusion of cerebrospinal fistulas of the anterior skull base using intrathecal sodium fluorescein]. Laryngo Rhino Otol. 1997; 76 595-607
- 40 Lund VJ, Stammberger H, Nicolai P, Castelnuovo P. European Position Paper on Endoscopic Management of Tumours of the Nose, Paranasal Sinuses and Skull Base. Rhinology. 2010; 22 (Suppl) 1-146
- 41 Schnabel C, Di Martino E, Gilsbach JM, Riediger D, Gressner AM, Kunz D. Comparison of beta2-transferrin and beta-trace protein for detection of cerebrospinal fluid in nasal and ear fluids. Clin Chem. 2004; 50 661-663
- 42 Sampaio MH, De Barros-Mazon S, Sakano E, Chone CT. Predictability of quantification of beta-trace protein for diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid leak: Cutoff determination in nasal fluids with two control groups. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009; 23 585-590
- 43 Roelandse FW, van der Zwart N, Didden JH, van Loon J, Souverijn JH. Detection of CSF leakage by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel, direct immunofixation of transferrins, and silver staining. Clin Chem. 1998; 44 351-353
- 44 Marshall AH, Jones NS. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Scott-Brown's otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery. Hodder Arnold 2008; London: 1636-1644
- 45 Wolf G, Greistorfer K, Stammberger H. [Endoscopic detection of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas with a fluorescence technique. Report of experiences with over 925 cases]. Laryngo Rhino Otol. 1997; 76 588-594
- 46 Keerl R, Weber RK, Draf W, Radziwill R, Wienke A. [Complications of lumbar administration of 5% sodium fluorescein solution for detection of cerebrospinal fluid fistula]. Laryngo Rhino Otol. 2004; 82 833-838
- 47 Keerl R, Weber RK, Draf W, Wienke A, Schaefer SD. Use of sodium fluorescein solution for detection of cerebrospinal fluid fistulas: an analysis of 420 administrations and reported complications in Europe and the United States. Laryngoscope. 2004; 114 266-272
- 48 Zuckerman J, Stankiewicz JA, Chow JM. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks and meningoencephaloceles. Am J Rhinol. 2005; 19 582-587
- 49 Sethi DS, Chan C, Pillay PK. Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae and traumatic cephalocoele. Ann Acad Med Singap. 1996; 25 724-727
- 50 Wormald PJ, McDonogh M. The bath-plug closure of anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Am J Rhinol. 2003; 17 299-305
- 51 Maier W. Biomaterialien in der Schädelbasischirurgie. Laryngo Rhino Otol. 2009; 88 S64-S75
- 52 Arndt S, Maier W, Aschendorff A, Klenzner T, Schipper J. [Ethisorb/Ethisorb durapatch for the transnasal duraplasty procedure?]. Laryngorhinootologie. 2006; 85 260-264
- 53 Seidl RO, Todt I, Ernst A. [Reconstruction of traumatic skull base defects with alloplastic, resorbable fleece]. HNO. 2000; 48 753-757
- 54 Harvey RJ, Smith JE, Wise SK, Patel SJ, Frankel BM, Schlosser RJ. Intracranial complications before and after endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Am J Rhinol. 2008; 22 516-521
- 55 Cappabianca P, Esposito F, Cavallo LM, Messina A, Solari D, di Somma LGM, de Divitiis E. Use of equine collagen foil as dura mater substitute in endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Surg Neurol. 2006; 65 144-148
- 56 Casiano RR, Jassir D. Endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea repair: is a lumbar drain necessary?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999; 121 745-750
- 57 Lopatin AS, Kapitanov DN, Potapov AA. Endonasal endoscopic repair of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003; 129 859-863
- 58 Lindstrom DR, Toohill RJ, Loehrl TA, Smith TL. Management of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: the Medical College of Wisconsin experience. Laryngoscope. 2004; 114 969-974
- 59 Stammberger H. Functional endoscopic sinus surgery: the Messerklinger technique.. Philadelphia: BC Decker; 1991
- 60 Forer B, Sethi DS. Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks in the lateral sphenoid sinus recess. J Neurosurg. 2010; 112 444-448
- 61 Castelnuovo P, Mauri S, Locatelli D, Emanuelli E, Delù G, Giulio GD. Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: learning from our failures. Am J Rhinol. 2001; 15 333-342
- 62 Bolger WE. Endoscopic transpterygoid approach to the lateral sphenoid recess: surgical approach and clinical experience. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005; 133 20-26
- 63 Lai SY, Kennedy DW, Bolger WE. Sphenoid encephaloceles: disease management and identification of lesions within the lateral recess of the sphenoid sinus. Laryngoscope. 2002; 112 1800-1805
- 64 Pasquini E, Sciarretta V, Farneti G, Mazzatenta D, Modugno GC, Frank G. Endoscopic treatment of encephaloceles of the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus. Minimally invasive neurosurgery: MIN. 2004; 47 209-213
- 65 Schick B, Kahle G, Weber R, Draf W. [Experiences in diagnosis of occult traumatic dural lesions of the anterior cranial base]. Laryngorhinootologie. 1998; 77 144-149
- 66 Tomazic PV, Stammberger H. Spontaneous CSF-leaks and meningoencephaloceles in sphenoid sinus by persisting Sternberg's canal. Rhinology. 2009; 47 369-374
- 67 Muscatello L, Lenzi R, Dallan I, Seccia V, Marchetti M, Sellari-Franceschini S. Endoscopic transnasal management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks of the sphenoid sinus. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2010; 38 396-402
- 68 Gendeh BS, Mazita A, Selladurai BM, Jegan T, Jeevanan J, Misiran K. Endonasal endoscopic repair of anterior skull-base fistulas: the Kuala Lumpur experience. J Laryngol Otol. 2005; 119 866-874
- 69 Nyquist GG, Anand VK, Mehra S, Kacker A, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal repair of anterior skull base non-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks, meningoceles, and encephaloceles. J Neurosurg. 2009;
- 70 Lund VJ. Endoscopic management of cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Am J Rhinol. 2002; 16 17-23
- 71 Zweig JL, Carrau RL, Celin SE, Schaitkin BM, Pollice PA, Snyderman CH, Kassam A, Hegazy H. Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks to the sinonasal tract: predictors of success. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000; 123 195-201
- 72 Orlando R, Cappabianca P, Tosone G, Esposito F, Piazza M, de Divitiis E. Retrospective analysis of a new antibiotic chemoprophylaxis regimen in 170 patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. Surg Neurol. 2007; 68 145-148
- 73 Gil Z, Patel SG, Bilsky M, Shah JP, Kraus DH. Complications after craniofacial resection for malignant tumors: are complication trends changing?. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009; 140 218-223
- 74 Kraus DH, Gonen M, Mener D, Brown AE, Bilsky MH, Shah JP A. standardized regimen of antibiotics prevents infectious complications in skull base surgery. Laryngoscope. 2005; 115 1347-1357
- 75 Solero CL, DiMeco F, Sampath P, Mattavelli F, Pizzi N, Salvatori P, Cantù G. Combined anterior craniofacial resection for tumors involving the cribriform plate: early postoperative complications and technical considerations. Neurosurgery. 2000; 47 1296-1304
- 76 van Aken MO, de Marie S, van der Lely AJ, Singh R, van den Berge JH, Poublon RM, Fokkens WJ, Lamberts SW, de Herder WW. Risk factors for meningitis after transsphenoidal surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 25 852-856
- 77 Carrau RL, Snyderman C, Janecka IP, Sekhar L, Sen C, D’Amico F. Antibiotic prophylaxis in cranial base surgery. Head Neck. 1991; 13 311-317
- 78 Weber RK. Nasentamponaden und Stents. Laryngo Rhino Otol. 2009; 88 S139-S155
- 79 Harvey RJ, Nogueira JF, Schlosser RJ, Patel SJ, Vellutini E, Stamm AC. Closure of large skull base defects after endoscopic transnasal craniotomy. Clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2009; 111 371-379
- 80 Horiguchi K, Murai H, Hasegawa Y, Hanazawa T, Yamakami I, Saeki N. Endoscopic endonasal skull base reconstruction using a nasal septal flap: surgical results and comparison with previous reconstructions. Neurosurg Rev. 2010; 33 235-241
- 81 Alameda YA, Busquets JM, Portela JC. Anterior skull base cerebrospinal fluid fistulas in Puerto Rico: treatment and outcome. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2009; 101 29-33
- 82 Locatelli D, Rampa F, Acchiardi I, Bignami M, De Bernardi F, Castelnuovo P. Endoscopic endonasal approaches for repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks: nine-year experience. Neurosurgery. 2006; 58 ONS-246-ONS-256
- 83 Hegazy HM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Kassam A, Zweig J. Transnasal endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2000; 110 1166-1172
- 84 Schick B, Ibing R, Brors D, Draf W. Long-term study of endonasal duraplasty and review of the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001; 110 142-147
- 85 Hadad G, Bassagasteguy L, Carrau RL, Mataza JC, Kassam AB, Snyderman CH, Mintz AH. A novel reconstructive technique after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches: vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap. Laryngoscope. 2006; 116 1882-1886
- 86 Zanation AM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Germanwala AV, Gardner PA, Prevedello DM, Kassam AB. Nasoseptal flap reconstruction of high flow intraoperative cerebral spinal fluid leaks during endoscopic skull base surgery. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2009; 23 518-521
- 87 El-Banhawy OA, Halaka AN, Ayad H, El-Altuwaijri M, El-Sharnoby MM. Long-term endonasal endoscopic review of successful duraplasty after endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery. Am J Rhinol. 2008; 22 175-181
- 88 Moyer JS, Chepeha DB, Teknos TN. Contemporary skull base reconstruction. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004; 12 294-299
- 89 Neovius E, Engstrand T. Craniofacial reconstruction with bone and biomaterials: review over the last 11 years. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010; 63 1615-1623
- 90 Nicolai P, Battaglia P, Bignami M, Bolzoni Villaret A, Delù G, Khrais T, Lombardi D, Castelnuovo P. Endoscopic surgery for malignant tumors of the sinonasal tract and adjacent skull base: A 10-year experience. Am J Rhinol. 2008; 22 308-316
- 91 El-Sayed IH, Roediger FC, Goldberg AN, Parsa AT, McDermott MW. Endoscopic reconstruction of skull base defects with the nasal septal flap. Skull Base. 2008; 18 385-394
- 92 Cavallo LM, Messina A, Esposito F, de Divitiis O, Dal Fabbro M, de Divitiis E, Cappabianca P. Skull base reconstruction in the extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for suprasellar lesions. J Neurosurg. 2007; 107 713-720
- 93 Esposito F, Cappabianca P, Fusco M, Cavallo LM, Bani GG, Biroli F, Sparano A, de Divitiis O, Signorelli A. Collagen-only biomatrix as a novel dural substitute. Examination of the efficacy, safety and outcome: clinical experience on a series of 208 patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008; 110 343-351
- 94 Pinheiro-Neto CD, Prevedello DM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Mintz A, Gardner P, Kassam A. Improving the design of the pedicled nasoseptal flap for skull base reconstruction: a radioanatomic study. Laryngoscope. 2007; 117 1560-1569
- 95 Nyquist GG, Anand VK, Singh A, Schwartz TH. Janus flap: bilateral nasoseptal flaps for anterior skull base reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010; 142 327-331
- 96 Kang MD, Escott E, Thomas AJ, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Kassam AB, Rothfus W. The MR imaging appearance of the vascular pedicle nasoseptal flap. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009; 30 781-786
- 97 Zanation AM, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Mckinney KA, Wheless SA, Bhatki AM, Gardner PA, Prevedello DM, Kassam AB. Nasoseptal flap takedown and reuse in revision endoscopic skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2010; im Druck
- 98 Fortes FSG, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Prevedello DM, Vescan AD, Mintz AH, Gardner P, Kassam AB. The posterior pedicle inferior turbinate flap: a new vascularized flap for skull base reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2007; 117 1329-1332
- 99 Prevedello DM, Barges-Coll J, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Morera V, Jacobson D, Madhok R, dos Santos MCJ, Zanation A, Snyderman CH, Gardner P, Kassam AB, Carrau R. Middle turbinate flap for skull base reconstruction: cadaveric feasibility study. Laryngoscope. 2009; 119 2094-2098
- 100 Fortes FSG, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Kassam AB, Prevedello DM, Vescan AD, Mintz AH, Gardner P. Transpterygoid transposition of a temporoparietal fascia flap: a new method for skull base reconstruction after endoscopic expanded endonasal approaches. Laryngoscope. 2007; 117 970-976
- 101 Oliver CL, Hackman TG, Carrau RL, Snyderman CH, Kassam AB, Prevedello DM, Gardner P. Palatal flap modifications allow pedicled reconstruction of the skull base. Laryngoscope. 2008; 118 2102-2106
- 102 Kassam AB, Snyderman CH, Mintz AH, Gardner P, Carrau RL. Expanded endonasal approach: the rostrocaudal axis. Part II. Posterior clinoids to the foramen magnum. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19 E4
- 103 Draf W, Weber R, Keerl R, Constantinidis J. [Current aspects of frontal sinus surgery. I: Endonasal frontal sinus drainage in inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses]. HNO. 1995; 43 352-357
- 104 Kassam AB, Prevedello DM, Thomas A, Gardner P, Mintz A, Snyderman C, Carrau R. Endoscopic endonasal pituitary transposition for a transdorsum sellae approach to the interpeduncular cistern. Neurosurgery. 2008; 62 57-72
- 105 Osawa S, Rhoton AL, Seker A, Shimizu S, Fujii K, Kassam AB. Microsurgical and endoscopic anatomy of the vidian canal. Neurosurgery. 2009; 64 385-411
- 106 Messina A, Bruno MC, Decq P, Coste A, Cavallo LM, de Divitiis E, Cappabianca P, Tschabitscher M. Pure endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy: anatomical study. Neurosurg Rev. 2007; 30 189-194
- 107 Kassam AB, Snyderman C, Gardner P, Carrau R, Spiro R. The expanded endonasal approach: a fully endoscopic transnasal approach and resection of the odontoid process: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2005; 57 E213
- 108 Wu J-C, Huang W-C, Cheng H, Liang M-L, Ho C-Y, Wong T-T, Shih Y-H, Yen Y-S. Endoscopic transnasal transclival odontoidectomy: a new approach to decompression: technical case report. Neurosurgery. 2008; 63 ONSE92-ONSE94
- 109 Cavallo LM, Messina A, Gardner P, Esposito F, Kassam AB, Cappabianca P, de Divitiis E, Tschabitscher M. Extended endoscopic endonasal approach to the pterygopalatine fossa: anatomical study and clinical considerations. Neurosurgical focus. 2005; 19 E5
- 110 Solari D, Magro F, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, Samii A, Esposito F, Paternò V, de Divitiis E, Samii M. Anatomical study of the pterygopalatine fossa using an endoscopic endonasal approach: spatial relations and distances between surgical landmarks. J Neurosurg. 2007; 106 157-163
- 111 Kassam AB, Vescan AD, Carrau RL, Prevedello DM, Gardner P, Mintz AH, Snyderman CH, Rhoton AL. Expanded endonasal approach: vidian canal as a landmark to the petrous internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 2008; 108 177-183
- 112 Zanation AM, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Gardner PA, Prevedello DM, Kassam AB. Endoscopic endonasal surgery for petrous apex lesions. Laryngoscope. 2009; 119 19-25
- 113 Madani G, Beale TJ, Lund VJ. Imaging of sinonasal tumors. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2009; 30 25-38
- 114 Fatterpekar GM, Delman BN, Som PM. Imaging the paranasal sinuses: where we are and where we are going. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2008; 291 1564-1572
- 115 Yousry I, Moriggl B, Schmid UD, Naidich TP, Yousry TA. Trigeminal ganglion and its divisions: detailed anatomic MR imaging with contrast-enhanced 3D constructive interference in the steady state sequences. AJNR. 2005; 26 1128-1135
- 116 Maroldi R, Ravanelli M, Borghesi A, Farina D. Paranasal sinus imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2008; 66 372-386
- 117 Strauss G. [Computer-assisted surgery of the frontal skull base.]. HNO. 2009; 57 990-997
- 118 Caversaccio M, Zheng G, Nolte L-P. [Computer-aided surgery of the paranasal sinuses and the anterior skull base]. HNO. 2008; 56 376-382
- 119 Strauss G, Winkler D, Trantakis C, Schulz T, Meixensberger J. [Post-processing of radiological data for preoperative planning in skull base surgery]. Laryngorhinootologie. 2004; 83 157-163
- 120 Schipper J, Klenzner T, Berlis A, Maier W, Offergeld C, Schramm A, Gellrich N-C. [Objectivity of therapeutic results following skull base surgery using virtual model analysis]. HNO. 2006; 54 677-683
- 121 Isaacs S, Fakhri S, Luong A, Citardi MJ. Intraoperative imaging for otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2009 42: 765-779 , viii
- 122 Lohnstein PU, Schipper J, Berlis A, Maier W. [Sonography aided computer assisted surgery (SACAS) in orbital surgery]. HNO. 2007; 55 778-784
- 123 Leach P, Abou-Zeid AH, Kearney T, Davis J, Trainer PJ, Gnanalingham KK. Endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: evidence of an operative learning curve. Neurosurgery. 2010; 67 1205-1212
Korrespondenzadresse
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Martin Wagenmann
Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Klinik
Universitätsklinikum
Düsseldorf
Moorenstraße 5
40225 Düsseldorf
Email: Wagenmann@med.uni-duesseldorf.de